第一章植物的水分代谢一填空题1 淀粉磷酸化酶在pH值降低时催化________转变为________,在光下由于光合作用的进行,保卫细胞中的________减少,pH值上升。
2 典型植物细胞的水势是由________组成的,细胞间水分子移动的方向决定于________,即水势________的细胞向水势________的细胞方向流动。
3 植物根系吸水的动力是________和________,其中________较为重要。
4 将已发生质壁分离的细胞放入清水中,细胞的水势变化趋势是________,细胞的渗透势________,压力势________。
当________时,细胞停止吸水。
5 水分在植物细胞内以________和________状态存在,________比值大时,代谢旺盛;________比值小时,代谢降低。
6 在相同________下,一个系统中一偏摩尔容积的________与一偏摩尔容积的________之间的________,叫作水势。
7 ________和________现象可以证明根压的存在。
8 当相邻两个植物细胞连在一起时,水分移动方向决定于两端细胞的________。
9 植物对蒸腾的调节方式有________、________和________。
10 植物根部吸水能力最强的部位为________,因为________________。
二是非题1 Leave is always the source and root is always the sink in the source-sink relationship.()2 Osmotic adjustment is an active process in reducing the plant osmotic potential during water deficiency. ()3 小麦从灌浆期倒乳熟末期是它的第二水分临界期。
()4 伤流速度主要取决于木质部溶液与外界溶液的水势差。
()5 深秋的早晨,树木花草叶面上有许多水滴,这种现象称为吐水。
()6 落叶乔木在春天芽刚萌动时主要依靠根压吸收水分。
()7 植物的蒸腾比率越大,说明其越抗旱。
()8 土壤中水分越多,对植物吸收越有利。
()9 植物蒸腾系数大,说明其利用水效率低。
()10 蒸腾效率高的植物,一定是蒸腾量小的植物。
()11 具液泡的细胞,其衬质势数值很小,通常忽略不计。
()12 细胞水势在根部距离导管越远,则越高。
()三选择题1 The direction of water movement between adjacent cells is determined by the _______ gradient of the cells.A. water potentialB. osmotic potentialC. pressure potentialD. matric potential2 The loss of water from plants is called ____ and typically occurs through the ____.A. evaporation, leavesB. transpiration, leavesC. transpiration, stemD. osmosis, roots3 Through which part of the leaf does water transpire?A. stomataB. epidermisC. xylemD. chloroplast4 When the guard cells have a ___ water pressure, they become ____ and close the stoma.A. low, turgidB. low, flaccidC. high, turgidD. high, flaccid5 Which of the following systems functions to absorb water and minerals?A. leafB. stemC. rootD. flower6 A cell that is hypertonic...A. will experience a net movement of water into the cell from the surrounding environment.B. has a lower concentration of solutes than the surrounding environment.C. will experience a net movement of water out of the cell into the surround environment.D. is in danger of plasmolysis.7 What is the term for a situation in which water osmoses out of a cell and into the surrounding environment?A. lysisB. plasmolysisC. hemolysisD. hydrostatic pressure increase8 Which types of molecules usually will not pass through the membrane's lipid core?A. permeableB. nonpolarC. smallD. polar9 During the two procedures from lab, what was the indicator that cell membranes were damaged?A. Betacyanin leaked from the tonoplast and the plasma membrane, turning the water red.B. Betacyanin was absorbed from the water turning the tonoplasts red.C. Tonoplasts were produced.D. The cell membrane pulled away from the cell wall.10 吐水时由于高温高湿环境下A. 蒸腾拉力引起的B. 根系生理活动的结果C. 土壤中水分太多的缘故D.空气中水分多的缘故11 把植物组织放在高渗溶液中,植物组织是________A. 吸水B. 失水C. 水分动态平衡D. 水分不动12 水分沿导管或管胞上升的主要动力是________A. 吐水B. 内聚力C. 蒸腾拉力D. 根压13 渗透作用进行的条件是________A. 水势差B. 细胞结构C. 半透膜D. 半透膜的膜两侧水势差14 如果外液的水势高于植物细胞的水势,这种溶液称为________A. 等渗溶液B. 高渗溶液C. 平衡溶液D. 低渗溶液15 风干种子的萌发吸水靠________A. 代谢作用B. 吸胀作用C. 渗透作用16 在同温同压条件下,溶液中水的自由能与纯水相比________A. 要高一些B. 要低一些C. 两者相等17 植物的保卫细胞中的水势变化与下列哪项有关________A. 糖B. 脂肪酸C. 苹果酸四名词解释1 吐水2 共质体3 渗透势4 蒸腾系数5 根压6 渗透作用7 水势8 生理干旱五解释现象1 小麦灌浆期缺水严重减产。
2 水分沿着植物茎部导管上升可高达100m,为什么水柱不断?3 为什么有时在植物移栽时要剪掉一部分叶子,根部还要带土?4 为什么植物受水淹时反而出现萎焉现象?5 盛夏中午植物不宜浇水,为什么?6 植物如何维持其体温的相对恒定?7 植物叶片水势的日变化如何?六问答题1 If a grocer wanted to keep his fresh vegetables fresh and crispy, which type of water would he spray on them and why, distilled water, salt water, or no water at all?2 What factors affect the direction of diffusion? If diffusion is observed to stop, does this mean that the molecules have stopped moving? Why or why not?3 What is the basic driving force that causes the opening and closing of stomata? Exactly how does this affect the stomata?4 Briefly describe how light, wind, and humidity affect transpiration.5 How to promote the water utilization efficiency on the basis of different photosynthetic pathways of plants?6 试述植物气孔开闭的机理。
7 试以淀粉—糖转化学说,说明叶片气孔开闭的原因。
8 为什么说水是植物进行正常生命活动所必需的外界环境条件?9 水分代谢与植物体温的关系何在?10 举例说明外界环境条件对根系吸水和蒸腾作用的影响。
11 请说明保卫细胞的水势在光照和黑暗的不同条件下为什么不同。
12 溶液中的水势为什么是负值?13 植物水分代谢包括哪些过程?。