名词解释
1 categorization范畴化: Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.
2 image schema意象图示: Mark Johnson defines an image schema as a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
3 language语言: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
4 duality二重性: the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
5 competence语言能力: A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
6 vowel元音: A vowel is produced without such “stricture” so that “air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose.”There is no obstruction of airstream.
7 concept概念: that something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our minds. This abstract thing is usually called concept.
8 phoneme音位: the word “phoneme”simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast”:the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.”
9 Inflection(屈折）：indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, the adding of inflectional affixes will not change the grammatical class of the stems.
10 Bound morpheme(粘浊语素）：those can not occur alone. They must appear with at least one different morpheme.
11 Lexeme(词位): the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts.
12 Positional relation(位置关系): or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
13 Endocentric construction(向心结构): is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of word, which serves as a definable center or head.
14 Performatives(施为句): sentences do not describe things. They can not be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentence is, or is a part of, the doing of an action.
15 Displacement(移位性): means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present( in time and space) at the moment of communication.。