English Speaking Countries Unit 5
Whigs and Tories
In the mid-19th century the Whigs formed a coa1ition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.
Open Field Village
Drawbacks l. It wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths. 2. It was wasteful of labour and time. 3. Livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. Winter feed was rarely enough, so animals were usually killed in autumn and their meat was salted. 4. The open field system was a barrier to experiments.
Enclosure
In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the ―openfield‖ system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the ―openfield‖ system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields.
Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indeed so great that they merit the term ―revolution‖.
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 – 1990)
Whigs and Tories
Whigs and Tories
The Whigs and the Tories were the earliest political parties in England whose names originated with the Glorious Revolution. Whigs = cattle drivers Tories = thugs
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
Results of Agricultural Enclosure
l. Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small. 2. More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied.
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
Results of Agricultural Enclosure
3. Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World.
land could be fully used while the cultivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
Open Field Village
This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and subsistence farming before the modern industrial age. subsistence farming: Subsistence farming in agriculture is the growth of crops predominantly for self consumption. Farmers focus on growing food and keeping animals to feed their families rather than growing crops for sale. This kind of farming reduces the cost and expenses of a household.
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688 – 1990)
Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century
Agricultural Changห้องสมุดไป่ตู้s
English Speaking Countries Unit 5
―Farmer George‖
George III – the king who lost America
Enclosure
Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century when war against France meant high food prices—war was an incentive to landlords to enclose land.
Open Field Village
Traditional farming = open field village (dated to 5th Century)
Villages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields which centred all the arable land. These fields were divided into strips shared out among the villagers. Each family’s land was scattered about, so good land was fairly distributed. Much was done on a community basis. One great field left ―fallow‖ each year so that its soil recovered its richness after 2 years’ cultivation. This meant only 2/3 of the land was cultivated at any time. In addition to the fields there were commons and wastelands used by all villagers to graze livestock.
Agricultural Changes
crop rotation (the successive planting of different crops on the same land to improve soil fertility and help control insects and diseases)
Bill of Rights (1689)
To exclude any Roman catholic from the
succession; To confirm the principle of parliamentary supremacy To guarantee free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Constitutional monarchy: a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament