25
乳房水肿
Udder Edema
➢ 限制矿物质摄入量（钠和钾）
Limit Mineral intake (Na & K)
• 不要喂盐
Do not feed salt!
➢ 月令大的头胎牛易于发病
Older heifers are more prone
➢ 产前挤奶
Pre-partum milking
The first consideration in any ration is DRY MATTER INTAKE!
➢ 干奶牛一般采食量12-13公斤
Far Off dry cows will typically eat 12 – 13 kg
• 粗饲料质量 Forage quality • 当地有的饲料 Feed availability
Add vitamin and trace minerals
19
第二阶段 Phase Two
奶牛干奶后期的良好营养和管理将 决定并影响下一整个泌乳期
Good nutrition and management of the Close Up Dry Cow will set the pace and tempo for the entire next
26
能量付平衡
Negative Energy Balance
➢ 合成初乳 Colostrum synthesis ➢ 胎儿生长 Unborn calf growth
• 需要更多营养 Requires more nutrients • 占据更大空间 Occupying more space
➢ DMI下降 Reduced DMI
5
干奶方法
Drying Off Strategies
4. 封闭乳头或连续药浴数日
Seal the teat or dip for several days
5. 监控乳房Monitor the udder
乳腺组织收缩需要30天， 由荷尔蒙控制
Involution takes 30 days and is hormonally controlled
2
干奶期的饲养目标
Goals of a Dry Cow Program
➢ 为下个泌乳期作准备
Prepare the cow for her next lactation
➢ 适于母牛与胎儿的营养变化需求
Adapt to changing nutrient requirements of the dam & calf
1000 mg 250 mg
1000 mg 12 mg 2 mg
3 – 6 mg
15
干奶牛的营养需求
Far Off Dry Cow Nutrient Guidelines
Vitamin ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ (IU/d) Vitamin D (IU/d) Vitamin E (IU/d)
100,000 30,000 1,000
➢ 体况肥的牛Heavy dry cows
• 维持maintain
➢ 头胎牛Heifers
• 日增重650克+怀孕
gain 650 grams per day plus pregnancy
10
干奶牛的日粮配合
Far Off Dry Cow Ration Formulation
➢ 任何日粮都应首先考虑干物质摄入量
surface area
23
代谢疾病
Metabolic Disorders
➢ 产褥热、胎衣不下、子宫炎、乳房水肿
Milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, udder edema
➢ 正确配合日粮，适量添加维生素、矿物 质，可以有效预防这些疾病的发生
These complications can be prevented through accurate ration balancing and the proper inclusion of vitamins and minerals
6
干奶早期
Far Away Dry Cow
➢ 胎儿在发育，但对母牛的需求并不巨大
The fetus is growing but does not place a huge demand on the dam
➢ 饲喂方案应注意维持体膘
Feeding programs should be balanced to maintain body condition
➢ 维持健康 Maintain health ➢ 维持体况 Maintain body condition ➢ 奶牛舒适 Cow Comfort
3
第一阶段. 干奶早期
Phase 1. Far Away Dry Cow
➢ 干奶至产前21天
Starts the day she is dried off and ends 21 days prepartum
➢ 至少1/3的全株玉米青贮
At least 1/3 whole plant corn silage
• 鲜重11- 12 kg as fed
➢ 优质粗饲料 Quality forage (> 1.21 Mcal/kg) ➢ 4公斤以上的长杆粗饲料
> 4 kg of long stem forage
➢ 体况评分为 BCS of 3.5 +/- 0.25 ➢ 添加维生素和微量元素
7
干奶牛的体况评分
Dry Cow Body Condition Score
➢ 目标Target 3.5 +/- 0.25
8
干奶牛的体况评分
Dry Cow Body Condition
3.5
9
干奶早期分群
Far Off Dry Cow Groups
➢ 体况差的牛Thin dry cows
• 增加体膘 add BCS
lactation
20
干奶后期的目标
Close Up Dry Cow Goals:
➢ 准备初乳的生产
Prepare for colostrum production
➢ 转换瘤胃环境 Shift rumen environment ➢ 控制代谢紊乱 Control metabolic disorders ➢ 建立免疫系统 Build immune system ➢ 减小能量付平衡
13
干奶牛的营养需求
Far Off Dry Cow Nutrient Guidelines
Calcium 钙 0.60 % Phosphorus 磷 0.26 % Magnesium 镁 0.16 %
Potassium 钾 0.65 % Sodium 钠 0.10 % Chlorine 氯 0.20 % Sulfur 硫 0.16 %
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产前采食量
Prepartum Feed Intake
25.00
干物质
采食量
公斤/天
DMI kg/d
20.00 15.00
10.00
5.00 -21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21 28
Day relative to calving
产犊相关天数
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为什么产前干物质采食量十分重要？
Why is Prepartum DMI Important?
14
干奶牛的营养需求
Far Off Dry Cow Nutrient Guidelines 微量元素添加量 （毫克/头/日）
Supplemental Trace Minerals mg/cow/day
Zinc 锌 Copper 铜 Manganese 锰 Iodine 碘 Cobalt 钴 Selenium 硒
21 days in the Close Up group is recommended
➢ 初乳的质量 Colostrum Quality
• 防止漏奶 Prevent leakage • 年龄 Age • 免疫力 Immunization
22
改变瘤胃环境 Adapt the Rumen
➢ 确保NFC占32% Ensure 32% NFC
11
干奶早期牛的营养需求
Far Off Dry Cow Nutrient Guidelines
干物质总摄入量 DMI (kg) 粗蛋白CP (% DM)
可消化蛋白DIP (% CP) 过瘤胃蛋白UIP (% CP) 可溶性蛋白SIP (% CP)
12 – 13 13% 70% 30 % 35%
12
6
D 21 DMI % of BW
21天DMI
r = .54
5
P <.0001
干奶牛的饲养管理
木兰 奶牛营养专家
Andrea Murphy McIntosh, M.Sc. amurphy@
1
干奶期的阶段划分
Transition Phases
1. 干奶早期 Far off dry cow 2. 干奶后期 Close up dry cow 3. 新产牛 Fresh cow
Minimise negative energy balance
➢ 促进干物质摄入量
Encourage dry matter intake
21
泌乳发动到泌乳机制的形成
Colostrogenesis
➢ 需要15天 Requires 15 days
• 由泌乳激素控制 hormonally controlled • 建议产前21天转入干奶后期牛群
Reduce < 22 kg milk production
• 改变饲料 Change feed • 更换牛群 Change group • 改变环境 Change environment