❖ Therefore, a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. 因此，世界上有多少种语言， 一个概念就有不同的表达法。甚至同一种语言，相同的概念 可以用不同的词表示。
英词汇学
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
词义
5.1 The Meaning of ‘meaning’ 词义的意义
❖ 5.1.1 Reference 所指关系
❖ Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. 词只是符号，许多词 只有获得所指关系后才有意义.
5.1.3 Sense 语义
❖ Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也许就是“语 义” 。不像所指，“语义”表示语言内部的 关系。
❖ It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. 概念对所 有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等方面的区别，而意 义只属于语言范畴，所以仅限于语言的使用中。
5.2.3 Semantic Motivation语义理据
❖ Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. ：语义理据是指由词的概念意义所暗 示的联想意义。这种理据解释词的字面意义 与比喻义之间的联系
❖ Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义 的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所 指。
5.2 Motivation 理据
❖ Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据解释的是语言符号和词义联系。
❖ Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. 了解这些词的 语音意味着理解其意义。
5.2.2 Morphological Motivation形态理据
❖ Compounds and derived Words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. Quite often, if one knows the meaning of each morpheme, namely affix or stem, one can figure out the meaning of the word. ：复 合词和派生词是多语素词，而且其中大多数 词的意义是组合词素的总和。情况往往是， 假如一个人知道每一词素的意义，即词缀或 词干，他便能推导出该词的意义。
5.1.2 Concept 概念
❖ Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. 概念是语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果， 是客观事物在人脑中的反映。
5.2.1 Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据
❖ In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises 在现代英语中，人们可能会发现有些词的声 音暗指了其意义。因为这些词是通过模仿自 然声音的方式创 造出来的。.
❖ Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 。所指关系是指 语言与周围世界的关系.
5.1.2 Concept 概念
❖ Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 意义与概念有紧密的 联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与所指对象 相关，都是词的概念，但属于不同的范畴。