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脑梗死患者阿司匹林抵抗及相关基因多态性研究

脑梗死患者阿司匹林抵抗及相关基因多态性研究目的探讨脑梗死患者阿司匹林抵抗(AR)发生率及环氧化酶-1(COX-1)基因C50T和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)基因G765C多态性与阿司匹林抵抗的相关性?方法634例首次发病的脑梗死患者,入院次日开始服用阿司匹林,服用阿司匹林治疗前和治疗7~10天后分别检测二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和花生四烯酸(AA)诱导的血小板聚集率(PAG),并采用多聚酶链式反应结合限制性内切酶片段长度多态分析方法检测COX-1基因C50T?COX-2基因G765C多态性?结果634例脑梗死患者中,阿司匹林抵抗(AR)者129例(20.35%),阿司匹林半抵抗(ASR)28例(4.42%),阿司匹林敏感(AS)477例(75.23%)?COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C基因型及等位基因在ASR+AR组及AS组的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);服用阿司匹林后7~10天,脑梗死患者AA诱导的血小板聚集率及ADP诱导的血小板聚集率分别下降80.00%及40.00%;无论COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C的哪种基因型均可使AA诱导血小板聚集率及ADP诱导血小板聚集率降低,但各种基因型在这些指标降低幅度的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);COX-1基因C50T和基因GCOX-2 765C变异者AA诱导血小板聚集率在服阿司匹林前后均高于无变异者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)?结论脑梗死患者阿司匹林抵抗发生率高,COX-1基因C50T?COX-2基因G765C多态性与阿司匹林抵抗的发生无明显相关性,也不影响阿司匹林对血小板的反应性?标签:阿司匹林抵抗;基因多态性;脑梗死;环氧化酶(2013)06-0429-04The Study of Aspirin Resistance and Correlative Genetic Polymorphisms in Patients with Cerebral Infarction.CHI Wan-zhang,YI Xing-yang,ZHOU Qiang,et al. Department of Neurology,The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,Zhejiang 325200,China[Abstract] Objective To investigate the incidence of aspirin resistance (AR)in patients with cerebral infarction and the relationships betwee n AR and the polymorphisms of COX-1 C50T and COX-2 G765C.Methods We prospectively enrolled 634 patients with cerebral infarction. Aspirin was administrated to give every patient the next day of admission. Platelet aggregation (PAG)induced by adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophospheralase and arachidonic acid was tested before and after aspirin administered for 7~10 days. Cox-1 C50T and Cox-2 G-765C polymorphisms were tested by polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results Aspirin resistance (AR)was detected in 129 patients (20.35%),aspirin semi-resistance (ASR)was in 28 patients (4.42%)and aspirinsensitivity (AS)was detected in 477 patients (75.23%). There were no significant differences between the ASR+AR group and the AS group in COX-1 C50T,COX-2 G765C genotypes and alleles. After aspirin was administered for 7~10 days,platelet aggregation in response to AA-induced and ADP-induced was inhibited by 80% and40% respectively. Both of the Cox-1 C50T and Cox-2 G-765C had similar effects on platelet aggregation,but the percentage of reduction in platelet aggregations had no significant differences (P>0.05). The rate of AA-induced platelet aggregations among the variants gene of Cox-1 C50T and Cox-2 G765C were significantly higher than that without variants before and after aspirin intake(P<0.05).Conclusions The incidence of aspirin resistance in patients withcerebral infarction washigh. There was no significant correlation between the polymorphisms of COX-1C50T and COX-2 G765C and the occurrence of aspirin resistance,and the polymorphisms of COX-1 C50T and COX-2 G765C has no effect on reactivity of platelet.[Key words] Aspirin resistance;Polymorphism;Cerebral infarction;Cyclooxygenase阿司匹林作为一种有效的抗血小板聚集药广泛应用于心脑血管事件的一级预防和二级预防,阿司匹林可以降低33%和25%的非致命性心肌梗死和脑卒中,同时降低16.7%的外周血管疾病的死亡率?然而一部分患者尽管长期坚持服用阿司匹林,仍然不能避免缺血事件的发生,临床上称这种现象为“阿司匹林抵抗(aspirin resistance,AR)?阿司匹林抵抗发生机制复杂,目前还没有完全阐明?有研究认为环氧化酶-1(COX-1)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)基因突变或多态性可能影响COX活性,影响阿司匹林对血小板的反应性,引起AR 发生[1]?国内对脑梗死二级预防中阿司匹林抵抗已有所评价,但缺少对阿司匹林抵抗发生相关基因多态性的研究?本研究旨在探讨脑梗死二级预防中AR发生率,COX-1基因C50T?COX-2基因G765C单核甘酸多态性与血小板的反应性相关性及与阿司匹林抵抗的相关性,从基因水平探讨阿司匹林抵抗发生机制?1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料:选取2009年8月至2011年8月在72小时内入住我院首次发病的脑梗死患者,全部病例均经头颅CT或MRI证实,Han等[2]改良TOAST分型为动脉粥样硬化血栓形成型(AT)脑梗死及小动脉病变型(SAD)脑梗死,由于病因不明型脑梗死病因不明确,其他病因型脑梗死所占比例少,心源性脑栓塞不首选阿司匹林预防和治疗,因此这些类型的脑梗死排除在本研究之外?患者和家属知情同意,愿意参加本研究?其他排除标准:(1)近1周内有使用除阿司匹林外其他的非甾体抗血小板药?低分子肝素?华法令等影响血小板聚集功能的药物;(2)有家族或个人出血疾病史;(3)血小板计数>450×109/L或0.05),见表1?2.3 两组COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C多态性分布比较:COX-1 C50T多态性分布,634例患者中597例(94.2%)为纯合CC基因型,37例(5.8%)为杂合CT 型,未见纯合TT基因型?COX-2 G765C多态性分布,442(69.7%)为纯合GG 基因型,156例(24.6%)为杂合GC型,36例(5.7%)为纯合CC基因型?COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C基因型和等位基因在ASR+AR组与AS组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2?表3?2.4 服阿司匹林前后血小板聚集率改变:所有患者服阿司匹林前AA和ADP 诱导的血小板聚集率分别为(92.35±11.54)% 和(88.52±13.62)%,服阿司匹林后10天AA和ADP诱导的血小板聚集率分别为(16.23±8.45)%和(51.73±9.46)%,AA诱导的血小板聚集率下降80.00%,ADP诱导的血小板聚集率下降40.00%?说明患者服阿司匹林后均可不同程度的抑制血小板的反应性?2.5 COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C多态性与血小板的反应性:无论COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C的哪种基因型均可使AA诱导血小板聚集率及ADP诱导血小板聚集率降低(P<0.01),但各种基因型在这些指标降低幅度的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但COX-1 50T和COX-2 765C变异者AA诱导血小板聚集率在服阿司匹林前后均高于无变异者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4?3 讨论国外研究表明[5],阿司匹林抵抗发生率为5%~40%,在不同种族人群中存在差异性?本组资料ASR发生率为4.42%,AR的发生率为20.35%,同时发现,ASR和AR组有糖尿病者及血LDL水平高于AS组,其原因还不完全清楚,有研究认为老年人多合并高血压?动脉粥样硬化?糖尿病及高血脂等多种慢性病,血小板处于过度活化状态,活化血小板粘附于内皮细胞,并与中性粒细胞和单核细胞连接,激活中性粒细胞,释放血管活性物质,启动血栓形成过程,同时血小板活化后加速炎症反应等,所有这些因素使得阿司匹林不易奏效?Andreas等[6]研究也表明,高血脂?高血糖能促使血小板和单核细胞活化,增加体内血小板和单核细胞间的黏附,导致阿司匹林抵抗的发生?因此,积极的控制高脂血症?高血糖等危险因素,将有助于避免阿司匹林抵抗的发生?AR发生的机制复杂,目前还不完全清楚?COX和血小板膜糖蛋白受体基因多态性与AR相关性是目前研究的热点[1,7,8],但结果分歧较大?一项系统分析表明[9],AR与PIA1/A2基因突变相关,但与COX-1?GPla?P2Y1?P2Y12等基因多态性无相关性?阿司匹林可使COX失活,使血栓素A2(TXA2)生成减少,从而达到抗血栓治疗目的,Halushka等[10]对高加索人群研究发现,COX-1-50C>T和COX-2-765G>C突变率分别为8.6%和21.3%,这种突变影响阿司匹林治疗的效果?然而国内这方面研究少,本组资料显示,COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C 基因型和等位基因在ASR+AR组与AS组比较差异均无统计学意义,无论COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C的哪种基因型均可使AA诱导血小板聚集率及ADP诱导血小板聚集率降低,且各种基因型在这些指标降低幅度的比较差异无统计学意义,提示中国人群COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C基因多态性与AR无相关性,也不影响阿司匹林治疗对血小板的反应性?AR发生的原因可能是多方面的,如种族?阿司匹林吸收减少或代谢增高?药物的依从性等,此外阿司匹林虽可以通过COX通路,使血栓素A2 (TXA2)生成减少,但它不能阻断ADP,胶原蛋白?肾上腺素?凝血酶等诱导的血小板聚集[11],这些均可能是AR发生的原因?本研究虽未发现中国人群COX-1 C50T和COX-2 G765C基因多态性与AR 的相关性,但发现COX-1 50T和COX-2 765C变异者AA诱导血小板聚集率在服阿司匹林前后均高于无变异者,提示COX-1 50T和COX-2 765C变异者COX活性较无变异者高,TXA2生成增多,从而使血小板聚集增高,可能在脑梗死的发病过程中发挥作用,但这还有待于今后进一步研究?参考文献[1]Goodman T,Sharma P,Ferro A. 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