西南石油大学博士研究生英语结业考试题专业名称：课程名称：科技英语翻译学生姓名：学生学号：Part OneTranslate the Following into ChineseI Words Translation（例：laser 激光）1、asbestos 石棉2、camshaft 凸轮轴3、resistor 电阻器4、capacitor 电容器5、transistor 晶体管6、chemical 化学制品7、heat-pipe 热管8、heat-pump 热泵9、steroid 类固醇10、quantum 量子11、mosaic 马赛克12、bumper 缓冲器13、resistance 电阻14、contact 触点15、waveform 波形16、radwaste 放射性废物17、nukes 核武器18、LCD 液晶显示屏19、SMS 存储管理服务20、anode 阳极II Sentence Translation（例：Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反。
）1、The automobile with automatic transmission has smooth gear shifting andconvenient operation.装有自动变速器的汽车换档平稳、操作方便。
2、Automation is a concept through which a machine system is caused to operatewith maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation, and control of its behavior.自动化是一个概念，它是通过大量的测量、观察，控制机器系统运行的最大效率。
3、Larger fiber bandwidth, lower loss and more reliable optical source wouldmake optical fibers competitive in this section.更大的光纤带宽，较低的损失和更可靠的光源使得光纤更具竞争力。
4、Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude woulddefine the subsurface.地层是通过地震测量时间和振幅来定义的。
5、The harder the rock, so much the more difficult is the workof drilling, though few types are sufficiently hard to be allowed to remain after blasting without a lining of masonry or concrete.因为极少有坚硬的岩石能在未灌注水泥情况下保持原样，所以，岩石越坚硬，钻井越困难。
6、For any machine whose input force and output force are known, itsmechanical advantage can be calculated.若已知机器的输入力和输出力，则可以计算其机械优势。
7、Conversion to electric power represents a practical means oftransferring geothermal energy. However, the price of the conversion is a substantial loss of energy, and further losses occur in transmission and in the subsequent use of it.电能转换实际是一种地热能转换的方法。
然而，其代价是很大转换能量损失和使用过程中的运输损失。
8、The crust and mantle are separated by a seismicallydetermined boundary known as the Moho-discontinuity.地壳和地幔的分界面称为莫霍面。
9、The burnish machine is used for surface treatment before the cold rolling forCPD material, and hence is one of the key installations for CPD material production.打磨机是用于CPD的冷轧材料、涂装前的表面处理，因此是CPD材料生产的关键设备之一。
10、The value of R by (18) may be in error by as much as20%, as shown in the table. Doctor Jackson will meet his Waterloo if he puts the data into practice.R值(18)可能有高达20%的误差，如表所示。
Jackson博士如果将他的数据应用于实际将会产生严重的后果。
11、More than 100 chemical elements are known to man; of these, about 80 aremetals.人类目前所知的化学元素有100多种；其中，大约80多个是金属。
12、Automobiles may be manufactured with computer-driven robots or puttogether almost totally by hand.汽车的生产可能会带有电脑驱动的机器人或者几乎完全用手放在一起13、A market is any group of buyers and sellers communicating offers toexchange goods.市场就是的买家和卖家沟通提供了交换商品14、Management is the scientific art of attaining intended organizationalobjectives by working effectively with and through the human and material resources of the firm.管理是科学的艺术，其目的是通过组织公司的人力和物力达到有效地工作。
15、The ultimate objective of economics is the study of how best to satisfyrelatively unlimited human wants with relatively scarce resources.经济学的终极目标是如何用稀有资源最大化的满足人类无止境的需求。
16、The slightly porousnature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to becolored with either organic or inorganic dyes.17、The civil engineer must be able to select and utilize effectively the productsprovided by the other branches of the profession developing consumer goods, such as the materials of construction and industry, including steel, timber, concrete and many other materials; and engaging the modern application and use of steam, electric and gas power engines and machines.18、Most of what we know about the earth below the limited depth to whichboreholes or mine shafts have penetrated has come from geophysical observations.19、Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowherein nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has strong affinity.20、The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981—1982.21、Apart from the obviously arithmetical work like pay calculations, there ismuch work which can be put into a mathematical form although at first sight it may not appear to have anything to do with arithmetic.22、Eclipses are not seen in every part of the world.23、Keep the petroleum from the fire. It will burst into flame.24、Every one cannot do these tests.25、All of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful workIII Passage Translation1、As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by astudy of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sec tions of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of values. （Passive Voice & its Translation ）2、Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials becauseeither the quantity of the natural products cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized so that it would be of the greatest use in the field which it is to be applied.3、The electronic notebook will serve as memo files in which the scientist recordsthoughts for preservation, description of experiments, drafts of reports, calendar and diary information, quotations and other materials extracted from other electronic files, and other types of information that would now be put in paper notebooks and other types of paper files.4、With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solarpower plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity.5．Oil and Gas Exploitation geologyWell construction challenges for Russian oil and gas producers can be broadly grouped into two categories. Firstly those fields in new frontiers ("NF??) such as the arctic and offshore, in which risk management and technological solutions are paramount. And secondly, mature fields ("MF??) in which cost management and efficiency are drivers. Drawn from experience of the re-emergence and transformation of the Russian oil and gas industry over the last 10 years, this paper reviews historic and current approaches, and recommends new models for partnership between operators and service companies to improve performance and encourage investment in technology.Specifically, it is suggested how traditional Russian approaches, revised and revamped with new structures, processes and technologies, can provide a basis to exceed benchmark drilling efficiencies in mature fields. It also suggests how animproved approach to front end planning, engineering, and collaboration, can decrease project risks in "new frontiers". Some of the lessons learned are globally applicable.Another key conclusion is that distinct organizational cultures are required in new frontiers compared with mature fields, and that these cultures are remarkably difficult to contain within one operational entity.6．The Exploitation EnigmaEvaluation of exploitation drilling programs raises unique issues around risking logic plus estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR) and project economic uncertainties. Clarification of these issues will assist in managing portfolios of exploration, exploitation, and development investment opportunities.Under USA accounting rules, all wells drilled outside the area of proved reserves are classified as "exploratory wells" for computation of cost of finding. However, companies typically segregate wells into Exploration (targeting prospective resources in undiscovered accumulations) and Exploitation (targeting probable and possible reserves in and around discovered fields).Classification as "discovered" signifies a high degree of confidence that the accumulation's EUR exceeds an internal economic threshold for development. However, there remains significant risk of drilling a dry well within the projected field limits. At the field level, the non-proven area is part of the uncertainty distribution for discovered reserves. At the exploitation well level, risk of failure and success case volume uncertainty both come into play. This multiple level view of risk and uncertainty gives rise to the "exploitation enigma".Exploitation well results change the field/reservoir model, the EUR uncertainty profile and associated cash flow projections. Successful wells not only develop reserves within a drainage area but also modify the total field volume uncertainty distribution. Results redefine the remaining proved undeveloped, probable, and possible reserve volumes and their associated confidence levels. Dry exploitation wells also change the EUR distribution and increase investment costs without an increase in forecast production.This paper compares alternative approaches to the evaluation of exploitation programs. It concludes that the economic analysis to support exploitation drilling decisions should not be based solely on the individual well's anticipated results, but rather on its risk-weighted, incremental effect on the overall project value. 7．Sour-Gas-Reservoir Exploitation in CroatiaBecause fossil fuels are still dominant sources of energy supply, the petroleumindustry is called upon not only to provide an effective management of oil and gas reserves in order to meet rising energy demand, but also to do that in a safe and efficient manner, with as small an ecological footprint as practically possible. Consequently, also taking into account the fact that conventional oil and gas reserves are declining, petroleum companies are forced to develop and adopt new technologies to increase oil and gas recovery and to expand their upstream activities to still unexploited areas, which often implies development of deep-buried oil and natural-gas reservoirs characterized by unfavorable reservoir conditions such as high temperature and pressure and even a certain amount of impurities.Croatian experience with natural-gas production from deep-buried reservoirs is based on the development of several gas fields in the northwestern part of Croatia. The development of the largest natural-gas fields in Croatia--Molve, Stari Gradac, and Kalinovac gas fields--began at the beginning of the 1980s. The main characteristic of all the mentioned fields are extremely unfavorable reservoir conditions, with reservoir depth of more than 3000 m, high initial reservoir pressures (more than 450 bar), high temperature (180°C), and a significant share of CO2 (10 to 54%), H2S (800 ppm), and some other nonhydrocarbon compounds such as mercaptans (30 mg/m3) and mercury (1000 to 1500 µg/m3). Several other gas fields with similar reservoir conditions were discovered and developed in the last 25 years in the same region. Today, the petroleum industry in Croatia has almost 30 years of experience in processing sour natural gas with a well-established methodology of auditing processing-plant outlet-gas influences on the environment. These experiences and future plans regarding this subject will be presented in this paper. 8．Opportunities For Offshore Mineral Exploration In the IndianThe Indian Ocean offers several opportunities for offshore mineral resources in the nearshore and coastal areas, the EEZs of different countries as well as the deep sea regions. With the increasing demands and depletion of land resources, the oceans are being looked upon as the future source of these minerals for sustaining the industrial development. The coastal and nearshore resources of heavy mineral placers are being successfully mined in some of the countries around the Indian Ocean, and ample opportunity lies in exploring for these resources in .the hitherto unexplored areas, to build up the reserves for the future. Simultaneously, activities in the deep sea areas for polymetallic nodules, crusts and sulfides need acceleration owing to their potential for strategic metals, such as cobalt, nickel, lead and zinc. These efforts call for cooperation and sharing of facilities, infrastructure, know-how and expertise, among the national as well as international agencies for exploration, mining, impact assessment and metallurgical process development. With its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, India could also play a major role in assisting the other countries in developing their offshore mineral resources.9、Surveillance System for Subsea Survey and Mineral ExplorationA surveillance system for seafloor survey and mineral exploration has successfully completed its initial sea trials off the coast of Florida. The system consists of an unmanned undersea vehicle which houses an array of electronic seafloor measuring devices. The 700 pound aluminium vehicle is designed to be towed at speeds of' 3 to 10 knots at controllable depths above the seafloor. A terrain following sonar controlled guidance system will be used for obstical avoidance.Plans are underway to design two advanced surveillance systems. One capable of operation at 600 meters depth for outer continental shelf (OCS) work and another to a 6000 meter depth for deep water mineral explorations. The 600 meter surveillance system will be applied to rapid and concise data collection on bottom conditions in frontier areas of proposed OCS oil and gas lease investigation. Survey equipment will include dual side scan sonar, CCTV tied to video tape, proton magnetometer and a high resolution sub-bottom profiler. The 6000 meter surveillance system will be capable of real time measurement of deep ocean seafloor parameters which relate to manganese nodule exploration. This vehicle will have all the capabilities of the 600 meter system and a seafloor sample retrieval and multi-sample storage system. Data collected will be multiplexed and transmitted to a surface ship for computer processing. 10．Future Needs of Deep Ocean Mineral Exploration and SurveyingThe paper reviews the state-of the-art of equipment and techniques used for conducting commercial deep ocean prospecting and exploration surveys for manganese nodules. Requirements for deep ocean surveying are discussed and equipments evaluated based on at-sea experience. Discussion includes PDRs, still cameras, TV systems, wire line dredge samplers, free fall samplers, coring devices, onboard assay devices, navigation gear, buoys, data reduction, and presentation, etc.New equipment requirements to improve prospecting and exploration effectiveness are presented. Devices presently under development and test are described. Exploration survey functions including mapping, bathymetry measurements, navigation, environmental data measurements, and ecological data measurements are discussed. Present and future equipment needs for deep ocean mineral exploration are identified. The need for rigorous testing to assure reliability and survivability is stressed.11. Ergonomic Computing In Geophysical InterpretationWorkstation-based geophysical interpretation may pose a risk for repetitive strain injury (RSI). The physical environment for interpretation can beimproved to reduce RSI risk (e.g., adjustable chairs, tables, monitors), but the degree to which software is “RSI-friend ly” may also have an impact on software usability, interpretational efficiency, and ultimately an interpreter's health. Strategies to address software-related ergonomic risk can be formulated using standard hazard abatement techniques borrowed from the Safety, Health, and Environment (SH&E) discipline. However, the potential for improvement in the ergonomic computing environment also depends on the degree to which the ergonomic fitness of individual applications and/or workflows can be measured. The software development industry has for many years routinely applied standard usability criteria to improve their products, but an accepted framework for assessing software ergonomic fitness is lacking. This paper describes a nascent, multicompany effort to develop a checklist for the purpose of quantifying an application's ergonomic risk. This checklist is being tested and benchmarked to compare geoscience interpretation tools and identify areas for ergonomic improvement.12. Real-Time Field Surveillance and Well Services Management in a Large Mature Onshore Field: Case StudyThis paper describes the planning for, implementation of and results generated by a real-time field surveillance and well services management system, as it was deployed in an onshore mature field in California, USA. The motivation behind the deployment of this system was simultaneously to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs in this large field with over 1,000 wells.The paper will describe how the business processes and supporting work flows were defined. This is an essential step before any technology can be deployed. The challenges of data management included not only the automatic handling of very large quantities of real-time data, but also the management of inventory and the integration of field level data with corporate level data. Historical data had to be brought into, and made compatible with the new system. The technologies required for this project included the software systems and the integration of these with remote intelligent field sensors and data transmission systems.The impact of the system has been material to the performance of the asset. Examples will be given of tangible improvements in performance across the disciplines of surveillance, production engineering, and well services. One critical factor to the successful deployment of this system includes the organizational changes needed to support the new working practices enabled by the system. The paper will discuss the required change management programs.The success of this project has clearly established that a "smart" solution integrating intelligent remote devices, communications networks and workflow management software can be successfully deployed on large, mature fields. Thedeployment process to achieve this has been assimilated and is now being reproduced in many other similar fields across North America. The paper will indicate some of the areas where this combination of technology and supporting change management will be expanded in the future.13、Parallel Numerical Reservoir Simulations of Nonisothermal Compositional Flow and ChemistryThis paper describes an efficient numerical scheme for nonisothermal compositional flow coupled to chemistry. An iterative implicit-pressure/explicit-composition (IMPEC) method is applied to solve the flow problem using a volume-balance-convergence criterion. A backward-Euler mixed finite-element method (FEM) with lowest-order RT0 elements is applied to solve the pressure equation, and a component local mass-preserving explicit scheme is used to update concentrations. Chemical reactions are solved using explicit Runge-Kutta (RK) ordinary-differential-equation (ODE) integration schemes. A higher-order Godunov method and a backward-Euler mixed FEM are applied for thermal advection and conduction, respectively, in a time-split scheme.One of the major applications of the method is in the modeling of field-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration as an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) process or for containment in deep saline aquifers where chemical reactions and temperature variations may have an effect on the flow and transport of CO2. Leakage patterns when CO2 is injected near leaky abandoned wells, the displacement of methane from depleted gas reservoirs, and accurate modeling of geochemical reactions involving injected CO2 are other applications of interest. Results of a benchmark problem in multiphase flow with several hydrocarbon components in formations with highly heterogeneous permeability on very fine grids, as well as a large-scale parallel implementation of modeling CO2sequestration, are presented to justify the practical use of the model. A parallel efficiency of approximately 80% was observed on up to 512 cores in the benchmark study. Results from a problem simulating injection of CO2 in deep aquifers including nonisothermal and chemical effects are also presented. The results indicate a good agreement of the solutions with published data, where available.Numerical modeling and simulation of CO2 sequestration plays a major role in future site selections and in designing storage facilities for effective CO2 containment. The main contribution of this paper lies in providing a parallel and efficient method of simulating challenging compositional flow problems, such as in the study of CO2 sequestration, as well as flow coupled to thermal and geochemical effects.2014级博士英语—-科技英语翻译结业考试题14. Chemical Osmosis, Shale, and Drilling FluidsThis paper describes continuing efforts to develop a water-based drilling fluid that will provide the osmotic membrane behavior and wellbore stability of an oil-based drilling fluid. A pore-pressure-transmission technique in use for several years as a tool to measure osmotic behavior has been refined for improved measurement of changes in shale permeability and pore pressure in response to interaction with drilling fluids. Conventional invert-emulsion and water-based drilling fluids containing selected additives were tested with outcrop and preserved shale specimens using an innovative screening method.Observed pressure differences across each shale specimen were compared with the values predicted by osmotic theory. From this comparison, an empirical concept of "membrane efficiency" was developed. Three distinct types of "membranes" are postulated to describe the interaction of various drilling fluids with shales. Type 1 membranes are generally characterized by coupled flows of water and solutes between fluid and shale. Type 2 membranes greatly reduce the near-wellbore permeability of shale and restrict the flow of both water and solutes. Type 3 membranes transport water more selectively, but shale permeability and fluid chemistry may alter performance measurements. Invert-emulsion fluids tend to form efficient, Type 3 membranes; however, under certain conditions, these fluids can yield lower capillary pressures than described previously and invade the interstitial fabric of highpermeability shales.Several water-based mud formulations were prepared that achieve approximately one-quarter to one-half the measured osmotic pressure of a typical oil-based mud (OBM). Fluid additives that supplement or reinforce a Type 1 membrane, such as saccharide polymers (especially in combination with calcium, magnesium, or aluminum salts), can induce relatively high efficiencies. As expected, fluids that form a Type 2 membrane, such as silicate and aluminate muds, provide the highest membrane efficiencies.11。