、名词：1、名词的概念：名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词2、名词的分类:专有名词:China, Mike, English, the Great Wall普通名词：可数名词（有单、复数之分，在可数名词单数之前要用tomato …不可数名词 (无复数形式)food, duty, news, knowledge 可数名词复数的构成：⑴一般情况是在名词后加-s ⑵以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加-es 以元音字母(Aa ,Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu )+ y 结尾的,加-s,En glishma n--Fren chman--但:German--初三英语总复习第一章名词⑶以辅音字母+ y结尾的，要变y为i再加-es,如: city -- family⑷以f /fe 结尾的变f/fe为v再加-es ,女口: half-- self-- shelf--leaf —kn ife--wife-- life--⑸以o结尾的，只有tomato和potato 是加-es,其余的都加-s, 如：photo--radio-- kilo-- zero-- zoo--⑹特殊情况：man--woma n-- policema n--child-- foot-- tooth--a/an) table, life, 如:boy--⑻形式上是单数，实际上表复数概念：people , police 女口 : The people / police are working hard.⑼有两种形式的：fish 作鱼"时，可数，其复数是fish 或fishes作鱼肉”时，不可数。
⑽复合名词的复数形式 :man player--men players ， woman doctor--women doctors ， appletree--apple trees4、 不可数名词：无复数形式，不能与a /an 或数词连用，必须用a cup of …，a piece ola pair ofsome , much , so much , too much , little , a little , a lot of , lots of 等表数 量。
女口： much work, a little money, two bags of rice …注： 一条裤子a pair of trousersjs … The trousers are …一双袜子 / 鞋子 a pair of socks / shoes is … My new shoes are … 一畐U 眼镜 a pair of glasses is … 数杯橘子汁glass es of oranges数张纸 piece s of paper如果这些短语中需要用形容词，形容词应该放在冠词后。
a full bottle of milk ten big piece s of paper如果-of 短语后的名词为可数名词时，必须用复数。
a bag of book s a basket of apple s a box of pen s5、 名词的所有格:⑴单数名词的所有格: ①加'_s the student ' book⑺单、复同形：Ch in ese--Japa nese--sheep--② 以s 结尾的单词,力口 ' James 'book ⑵复数名词的所有格②不以结尾的，加 's children 'dolls men ' shoes ⑶以and 连接的：① 共同拥有，共同一个 's Lily and Lucy ' sfather② 分别拥有，每个名词后加 's Li Lei ' s and Jim s ' s father⑷无生命名词的所有格：①表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加'或s ' an hour ' s walk ten minu tes' taChi na ' s capital ,(i n) today ' s n ewspaperworld 's popuian②用of 短语。
(语序与汉语不一致)⑹表 在••…办公室”在'••…店/家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去in Uncle Wang 's in the teacher s①以 s 结尾的,力口 ' the student s 'booksa few year s 'time twenty minute s 'walka picture of my family , ⑸双重所有格：a friend of my brothersome flowers of hers the classroom of our school , a new photo of minethe n ame of her catteachers of Class 1an old friend of Kateat the doctor 's第二章代词、代词：注：1）主格作主语，放在句首。
如果主语是几个并列代词时，You最前，I最后（你在前，我在后）。
如：You, he and I are …但在表抱歉的句子中，1放在前，女口 : Sorry, I and Li Lei broke the glasses.2）宾格作宾语，放在动词、介词后。
放在动、副短语的之间。
女口 : These are your things.Please put them away.3）形容词性物主代词后必须加名词。
4）名词性物主代词后不能加名词，但相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。
女口：my book = mine his book = his her book = hers5）反身代词于动词、介词后作宾语。
女口 : She teaches herself English.She lear ns En glish by herself.在句末加强语气，亲自”。
如：You' II see it yourself.在主语后作同位语。
女口：He himself did it.在固定短语中。
如:enjoy on eself = have a good time = play happily⑵指示代词：be alone = all by on eselfteach on eself sth. = lear n sth. (all) by on eself leave sb. by on eselfhelp on eself to sth.近指this T复these远指that T复those注:1）打电话时用this代替自己，that代替对方。
如：Hello! This is ….Is that …speaking? 2）that / those 可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物女口 : This story is more interesting than that one.⑶疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词：指人：who（主语） whom（宾语）whose（谁的）指物：what who '谁是）指人/物：which注：1）The bag on the desk is Lucy '子Whose is the bag on the desk?Lucy ' bag is on the desk. Whose bag is on the desk?2）What也可对人的职业、身份提问：What do you do? = What are you?What does she do? = What is she?3）对某人的身高胖瘦提问用What : He is thin and tall.T What is he like?⑷不定代词：①some用于肯定句和表请求、征求意见的疑问句，女口：Could you gi ve me some…？Would you like some …？Why don ' t you give him some …？any用于否定句、疑问句、条件句，如:If you have any question to ask, you will call me.注:someth ing / somebody / some one anything / an ybody / anyone用法类似。
②one…the other （一个…另一个…）O^O两者中一个…，另一个…one…the others 一个•（其余的…）O T OOOO多数中的一个…，余下的全部…some…the others （一些••其余的…）00^0000 一些…，余下的全部some … others （一些••另一些…）00^0000^000^ 一些…，余下的中的一部分…an other （另一个，又一个）一个一个地连接，后+名单或few/数字+名复如：ano ther cake ano ther two cakes = two more cakes注：1）the other 和other后可加名词2）the others 和others后不加名词3）the other / the others 表特定范围内除去一部分后余下的全部。
4）other / others 表除去一部分后的另一些，但不是余下的全部。
③each强调个体，+名单（谓动：单）两个或两个以上的每一个。
each of +名复（谓动：单）女口: Each woman has a book. = Each of the women has a book,every adj.强调整体，+名单（谓动：单）三个或三个以上的每一个Every boy likes …但Every of xevery one 指人every one of xevery one 指人, 指物every one of us注:1）Each of us has a room. = We have a room each.2）each other 两者互相,于动词后,女口: help each other understand each othereach other 的所有格each other ' 如；They filled each other ' s stockirwsh presents.3）当each 放在主语后时,谓动（复），女口：We each have a book on the desk.4）one each 每人一个④both 两者都T否：neither 两者都不+ 名单Neither sentence is right.all 三者以上全都T否：none三者以上全都不both of （谓动: 复）Both of the answers are right.neither of （谓动: 单）Neither of the answers is wrong.Both A and B （谓动：复）A 和B 都Both you and I are teachers.Neither A nor B （就近一致）A 和B 都不Neither you nor I am a student.Neither of the twins is a uni versity stude nt.In the past, none of the buses were / was air-conditi oned.注：1）either两个人或物中的任何一个，女口: There are some flowers on either side of the river.=There are some flowers on both sides of the river.2）either 表也"时，于否定句，:如：He doesn ' t like it. She doesn ' t like it, either. 3）Either A or B （就近一致）或者A…或者B…，不是A…就是B…Either they or Lily knows the good n ews.4）倒装句中:She likes apples, and so does he.If you won ' neither/ nor will I.⑤one 代指单数的人或物The apple is bigger than that one.ones 代指复数的人或物The apples are bigger than those ones.注：it与one it代指前面提到过的单数的东西，复数用them。