---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 外文翻译--稻草到能源--它可能是个有价值的尝试一项华盛顿州立大学的研究已经发现华盛顿东部的小麦、大麦和草生产的播种栽培者依靠农作物残渣每年可以激发电力的大约400-425个百万瓦电力; 比Snake River上的任何一个大坝的能量都要多。
但是来自稻草生产的能源比水电和核子更贵,不过综合考虑所制定的价格、环境的利益和不稳定的电力市场,显然稻草能源更具有吸引力。
长久以来,世界各个区域的研究人员都在寻找一种能替代野外燃烧稻草的处理方法来减少污染。
尽管有许多种可供选择的使用方法,但是能源部门对于潜在的能够消耗大量的稻草这个市场表现的非常可观。
在一些区域,比如说加利福尼亚州,现存的产生能源的设备是随着稻子的生产而产生的,使他们吸引人利用稻草。
不幸的是,当谷粒收获时的稻草如果在传统的发电厂点燃将会产生一种含有矽石和钾的的渣,稻草中的氯进入火炉和煮器也会加速腐蚀。
钾和氯会迅速的和来自包括稻草在内的生物中的水一起被过滤。
当稻草被暴露在雨水中时,这种过滤自然就发生了。
过滤也能通过各种机械的处理方法产生。
1 / 16无论如何,对于能够得出在燃烧中能导致的较高的灰熔性温度和较低的碱和卤素的挥发,这一结果本身就是一个显著的进步。
通过过滤燃烧稻草这种进步已经成功的在实验室里得到证明。
华盛顿东部的栽培者生产小麦、大麦和草种子等丰富农作物。
依照这样下来,他们生产了数以百万计的大量的稻草。
多余的农作物残渣能导致农作物产量减少,繁殖更多对农作物有害之物, 而且为种植下一轮农作物形成一个障碍。
多余的农作物残渣的处理, 尤其在田地最多的乡村中,确实是一个问题。
秸秆焚烧, 过去大多数的解决方法, 不再被社会所接受。
西北能源计划委员会的报告表明,在过去的十年内, 能量的需求在华盛顿、奥勒冈州和爱达荷州已经增加了 24% 但是当地的能量的产量增加只有区区4 %。
当要求已经超过补给的时候用于购买能源的费用已经急速增长。
结果,地方税纳税人已经在用电的帐单中看到了费用的增加。
加利福尼亚州的能源危机已经导致了西北地区的能源供给短缺。
依靠着有利的天气情况,华盛顿和奥勒冈州从加利福尼亚进口和出口能源。
2019年的暖湿气流留下的低强度的雪层补给了水源增加了水电站的发电能力。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 利用秸秆的燃烧而从中获取能量也并不是什么新技术。
在美国还没有一套秸秆燃烧设备的时候,一些欧洲的国家, 包括丹麦、英国和西班牙, 已经开始使用那些又大又有效果的植物, 每年燃烧二百万吨的稻草用来获取能量。
在1998年春天,从圣克里门托山谷的两个商业区收集的100公吨干稻草,在雨中暴露7 个月之后,这堆稻谷高度缩减717毫米。
67公吨稻草被压缩后放到粮仓里。
取一半这种材料与基线木材燃料混合,在一个司炉中燃烧。
另一半与农业/都市的木材混合并在一张液体循环床中燃烧。
剩余的33公吨被压缩后和稻谷壳混合后在一个中间点燃的煮器中燃烧。
便于比较,测试也在使用的每个设备中放有不含稻草的混合基线燃料。
因为中止点燃的煮器存在问题,一些实验在这个设备中实行。
在另外两个设备中,混合稻草的单一实验没有出现问题。
在测试期间, 燃料的样品,底部灰和飞行灰是在固定的间隔收集。
司炉炉篦煮器是提供蒸气的三个的煮器之一通常产生器总计供应为50 MWe 的用网络输出。
CFB 煮器用这 25 MWe 网输出是一单位。
3 / 16中止点燃的煮器也是一选出单位用这 26. 5 MWe 网输出。
测试在定格的负荷下被实行除了中止点燃单位的情况。
在那情况, 那的问题就在上次稻草测试避免在 20 MWe 上操作。
所有的测试, 包括基线, 在 20 MWe被修理了之后被固定。
因此火炉出口瓦斯温度 (FEGT) 比在最高负荷还要低。
在测试期间没有发生煤烟吹制。
车床探测器显示当燃烧稻草时沉淀物的特定比率会减少。
这个比率表明在以铁为基础上除去因腐蚀率和不同量的探针导致的不一致的效果。
虽然可获得的稻草数量是有限, 而且测试的期间很短 (5-7 h) 、观察的过热器和没有改变的沉淀物是一致的。
稻草/木材混和沈淀率方面的减少为是可观的, 而且伴随着沉淀物中碱的减少。
一项华盛顿州大学研究正在尝试确定可以利用的稻草量是多少, 并计算出了从田地里面焚烧秸秆所能消耗的所有费用; 建立和操作这种燃烧这种电站的费用, 和制定由此生产的电力的收支平衡的价格。
研究发现那些华盛顿谷粒栽培者每年能生产大约三百万吨经济上可以利用的稻草。
这些稻草具有每年能生产大约有 400-425个百万瓦的能量的潜能。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------所需要的电的费用大约每 kwh 大约 8. 5 分。
综合考虑制定的价格、环境的利益和不稳定的能源市场各方面因素,稻草到能源的想法依然值得商榷,因为这个价格仍然比水电和核能发电要高很多。
电力生产者需要考虑价格因素来给他们的产品定价。
虽然从稻草中获得的能量在经济上处于边缘劣势, 但是必须同时考虑到它的来源的费用是相当低的, 可能使它在经济上能实行,尤其是在低成本的能源被限制和处于短缺之中时。
能源市场的近期不稳定可能提供另外的激励。
研究人员最后得出结论,要开始这种从稻草到能源的转变需要适当的商业组织提供合作。
这样的话,那些种植稻子的人不仅仅受益于处理这种副产品所带来的收益,还会受益于出售稻草以及管理/所有权分离的农场企业的收益Straw-to-Energy? It Might Be Worth A Try A Washington State University study has found that crop residueproduced by Eastern Washington wheat, barley, and grass seedgrowers could fuel the generation of about 400-425 megawattsof electricity annually; more than that produced by any one ofour current Snake River dams. While energy production fromstraw is more expensive than hydro and nuclear, blend pricing, environmental benefits, and the volatile electricity market5 / 16make it attractive. In many areas of the world to reduce air pollution. Although there are many alternative uses, the energy sector represents a substantial market with the potential of consuming large quantities of straw. In some areas, such as in California, existing power generation facilities are with rice production, making them attractive utilization sites for straw. Alternatives to the open burning disposal of rice straw have long been sought Unfortunately, rice straw, as it is available immediately following grain harvest, contains a combination of silica and potassium that leads to heavy slogging and fouling if fired in conventional combustion power plants. Chlorine in straw also accelerates corrosion in furnaces and boilers. Potassium and chlorine are readily leached with water from biomass including straw .Such leaching occurs naturally when straw is exposed to rain. Leaching can also be effected through various mechanical treatments. In either case, the result is a remarkable improvement in combustion behavior leading to substantially higher ash fusibility temperatures and lower alkali and halogen volatilization. Improvements to the combustion properties of rice straw via leaching have been well demonstrated in the laboratory. Eastern Washington growers produce---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------abundant crops of wheat, barley, and grass seed. In doing so,they produce millions of tons of straw. Excess crop residuecan serve to reduce yields, propagate crop pests, and pose anobstacle for planting the next crop. Disposal of excess cropresidue, especially in the highest yielding counties, is aproblem. Field burning, the historical and most economicalsolution is no longer a socially acceptable. Over the past decade, power demand in Washington, Oregon, andIdaho has risen 24 percent while the regions capacity togenerate power has increased by only four percent, accordingto the Northwest Power Planning Council. Costs of buyingenergy when demand has exceeded supply have skyrocketed forutilities. And as a result, ratepayers have seen an escalationin electric bills. The energy crisis in California exacerbated already short supplies in the Northwest.Depending on the season, Washington and Oregon import andexport power from California. The 2019 draught left theNorthwest with low levels of snow pack to feed rivers andreservoirs for hydroelectric generation. A total of 100metric tons (dry basis) of rain washed rice straw was collectedfrom two commercial field sites in the Sacramento Valley during7 / 16the spring of 1998 after 7 months exposure and 717 mm cumulative precipitation. Of this, 67 tones were hammer milled and then dandified through a modified forage cumber. Half of this material was blended with a baseline wood fuel and burned in a stoker-fired traveling grate boiler; the other half was blended with an agricultural/urban wood fuel and burned in a circulating fluid bed (CFB) boiler. The remaining 33 t were hammer milled and blended with rice hulls and burned in a suspension-fired boiler. For comparison, tests were also conducted in each facility using the baseline blending fuels (wood or rice hulls) without the rice straw. Because of problems feeding the suspension-fired boiler, several experiments were carried out at this facility. At the other two facilities, the straw blends were burned in single experiments without interruption. During testing, samples of fuel, bottom ash, and fly ash were collected at regular intervals. The stoker-fired traveling grate boiler was one of three identical boilers providing steam to a common header supplying three turbo-generators totaling 50 MWe net output. The CFB boiler was a single unit with a 25 MWe net output. The suspension-fired boiler was also a single unit with a 26.5 MWe net output. The tests were carried out under rated load conditions with the---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ exception of the suspension-fired unit. In that case, problemswith the bag just before the first straw test prevented operating above 20 MWe. All tests, including baseline, were conducted at 20 MWe even after the bag was fixed. The furnaceexit gas temperature (FEGT) was therefore lower than at peakload. No soot blowing occurred during testing. Depositprobes show that the specific rate of deposit formation decreased when firing straw. The rates are expressed on an ironfree basis to remove the effects of differing corrosion ratesand different amounts of probe steel in the deposits. Althoughthe amount of straw available was limited, and the duration ofthe tests were short (5 to 7 h), visual observations of theheater are consistent with probe results in that no change inthe existing deposits occurred. The decrease in depositionrates for the straw/wood blends are substantial, and are accompanied by declines in deposit alkali concentrations. The technology for burning straw for power is not new. Whileno straw-burning electrical generating facilities exist in theUnited States, several European countries, including Denmark,the United Kingdom, and Spain, do have large, efficient plants, burning 2 million tons of straw per year. What Has9 / 16Been Done A Washington State University study attempted todetermine how much straw is available, the total cost of gettingstraw from the field to point of incineration; the mostcost-effective methods of doing that; the costs of building andoperating a straw-power electrical co-generating plant, andthe break-even pricing of electrical power produced. Impact The study found that Eastern Washington grain growersproduce about 3 million tons of straw that is economicallyfeasible to harvest. That much straw has the potential forproducing 400-425 megawatts of energy each year. While thecost of electrical production about 8.5 cents per kwh. wouldbe considerably higher than either hydro or nuclear sources,blend pricing, environmental benefits and the volatile energymarket still make straw-to-energy worth considering. Blend pricing refers to how electricity suppliers price theirproducts. Though power produced from straw may be uneconomical when priced at the margin, blended with lower-costsources, such as hydro and nuclear, may make it economicallyfeasible, especially when energy supplies from lower-costsources are limited and in short supply. The recent volatilityof the energy market may provide additional incentive. Researchers concluded that cooperatives might provide the---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ appropriate organizational form of business needed to initiate this straw-to-energy conversion. As such, those producing the straw would not only benefit from the disposal of this by-product, but would stand to benefit from the sale of the straw and the management/ownership of the resultant off-farm enterprise. Preliminary full scale experiments with leached rice straw were carried out successfully in a stoker-fired traveling grate boiler. This paper describes the results of additional full scale tests for three separate biomass power technologies: stoker-fired traveling grate, circulating fluid bed, and suspension-fired boilers. 电火花加工法对加工超韧性的导电材料(如新的太空合金)特别有价值。