本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 4
Top
The structural view
Syntactic system (phrases & sentences) …
Morphological/Lexical system (morphemes & words)
Phonological system (Phonemes )
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 9
The interactional view
The interactional view sees language as a communicative tool (to build up and maintain relations between people).
Bottom
本页内容在网络课件中 5 的Unit Oniew
(The functional-notional view)
The functional view sees language as a linguistic system and as a means for doing things.
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 22
Cognitive theory
Chomsky: Language is not a form of behaviour. It is an intricate (complicated) rule-based system. (Language is rule-governed.) There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. (Language is generative. ) 本页内容在网络课件中的
e.g. • habit formation, • induction, • making inference, • hypothesis testing, • generalization
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 15
Condition-oriented theories
Basical beliefs: Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows. Education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote 死记硬背recall what is learned.
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 8
Notions
e.g. • present time, past time, and future time; • certainty and possibility; • agent and instrument; • relationship between people and objects
23 Unit One有详细的讲解。
The impact of Chomsky‟s theory on language teaching
One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly in opposition to the Audio-Lingual Method.
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 10
Two things are needed for communication:
• Rules of language form – grammar and vocabulary • Rules of language use in a context – Is it appropriate to use this language item in this context?
13
Process-oriented theories， and Condition-oriented theories
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 14
Process-oriented theories
Process-oriented theories concern how the mind processes new information.
Condition-oriented theories concern the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place.
e.g. • number of students, • what kind of input learners receive, • learning atmosphere
(Harmer. 1983:30)
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 20
Behaviourist theory
Reinforcement (behavior likely to occur again and become a habit) No Reinforcement (behavior not likely to occur again )
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 21
Stimulus → Organism
→ Response Behavior
Behaviourist theory
• Skinner: Language is also a form of behaviour. • Language teaching in USA: The AudioLingual Method (the “listen-and-repeat” drilling activities). • In ALM, mistakes were immediately corrected.
The system of language = the system of sounds + the system of words + the system of grammar
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 2
The structural view
System of Language
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 11
Views on the nature of language have an impact on the teaching/learning method of a person.
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 12
Views on language learning
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 19
Behaviourist theory
• “You can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus刺激, response反应, and reinforcement补充增强.”
26
John Dewey‟s beliefs
• Teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. • Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster培养 inventive, creative, critical learners. • Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learner‟s interests and curiosity for learning. 27 (Archambault, 1964)
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 24
王蔷（主编）. 《英语教学法教程》. 高等教育出版社. 2006 （第二版）. 新增的（网络课件中没有的）内容：
Constructivist theory and Socio-constructivist theory
25
Constructivist theory
Three different views of language
• The structural view, • The functional view, • The interactional view
本页内容在网络课件中 的Unit One有讲解。 1
The structural view
The structural view sees language as a linguistic system.