构成”名词普通格(或代词主格) + 分词”的结构,称为分词独立结 构.该结构通常修饰整个句子,表 示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况. The problem having been solved, we ended the meeting.(=having solved the problem, we ended the meeting.
I’ve been looking forward to going to Beijing for a long time. Norman hated being a fool.
2.动名词的逻辑主语如果不与 句子的主语一致，则该动名词 前一般有一个物主代词或名词 所有格作为它的逻辑主语．这 种 “ 物主代词或名词所有格＋ 动名词 ” 结构就是动名词的 复合结构．它在句中具有主语， 表语、定语或宾语的功能。
You should have finished your homework. We needn’t have worried about him. You shouldn’t have been there.
be ill. He must be waiting for us. have seen her.
He wants to learn English.
Some stars are too small to be seen. This point to be explained is about the long history of iron.
2.在以“宾语＋不定式”的复 合结构中，宾语就是不定式的 逻辑主语．
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing. A. To see B. Seeing C. See D. To be seen
5.She pretended ________the letter I wrote the day beforan’t can may might could
+
be n. / adj. / … be doing have done
Nobody opened the door. She might (may) have left. The road is all wet. It must have rained last night. I saw him just now. He can’t have gone to Shanghai.
A. not to receive B. not receiving C. not to hear from D. having not received
Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.
因为没收到他父亲的来信， 他决定给他打个电话。
Not having been finished, the book can’t be returned at present. The building being built is our new library.
完成式
Thank you for having helped me so much. He is praised for having devoted his life for his country.
Before being used, the machine must be checked.
对比下列句子 He insisted on being sent to hospital. He insisted on sending her to hospital.
She wants you to call him back at 11. I often heard him sing the song.
They want the machine to be tested at once.
3.在“ for/of ”+名词（或代词 的宾格）＋动词不定式的结构 中，“ for/of ” 后的名词（或 代词的宾格）为动词不定式的 逻辑主语． This is for you to decide.
3分词作定语时, 被修饰的名词 就是其逻辑主语. The hours being built is our laboratory. Officials say diseases caused directly by smoking kill at least 320,000 Americans every year.
Some companies are offering special gifts and lower prices to people signing an agreement to stop smoking.
4.分词独立结构
分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主 语与句中的主语不一致,它可 以有自己的逻辑主语.该逻辑 主语通常用名词的通格或代 词的主格表示,放在分词的前 面.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
3.Is______necessary to change trains at Beijing? A. this C. it B. that D. he
It’s important for the students to learn a foreign language.
It’s very kind of you to dinner. 二．动名词的逻辑主语 He avoided giving us a definite answer.
Have you finished reading the book?
现在分词的时态和语态
时态 一般式
主 动
doing having done
被 动
being done having been done
完成式
现在分词的时态和语态：
Having been to the Great Wall many times, He didn’t go there yesterday. 分词的动作发生在谓语动词 的动作之前
注意下面句式
n.
S. + be worth
doing of + n. S. + be worthy to be done of being done
不定式的时态和语态
时态 一般式 主 动 to do 被 动 to be done
to have been 完成式 to have done done 进行式 to be doing 无
He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him. He seems to be eating something I’m sorry 后 to have kept you waiting.
前
Pay special attention to: hoped promised wanted to have done wished 表示过去没有 expected 实现的期待和 planned 愿望
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Do you think her going there will be of any help?
They all thought Lao Li’s going there a great mistake. I had no idea of their having done such a thing.
三.分词的逻辑主语 1.分词作状语时,其逻辑主语 就是句中的主语.
When heated, water will be changed into vapour. Given enough time, he would do it better.
While heating water, we can change it into vapour.
时态 语态
逻辑 主语
练习
时态和语态
英语基本时态构成一览表
一般式 进行时 将来时 完成时
do be doing
shall / will do
have done
完成进行时 have been doing
动名词的时态和语态
时态
一般式
主 动
doing having done
被 动
being done having been done
Being a league member, he always sets a good example to others.
2.分词作宾语补足语时, 宾语 就是其逻辑主语.
Suddenly I heard the door opened. Suddenly I heard someone opening the door.
练习
1.____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
2.When and where to build the new power station____ yet.
He wanted to have met you at the airport, but he didn’t get there in time. We planned to have done good deeds for the poor people last month