Lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King’s EnglishI. Paraphrase (P. 15)1. And it is an activity only of humans.(Para1)And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings.2. Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea. In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact those who really enjoy and are skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept their point of view.4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.Bar friends are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s lives.5. …it could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf).These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meat beef.7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8. …English had come royally into its own.(Para. 13)The English language received proper recognition and was used by the king once more.9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.(Para. 15)The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disparagingly and jokingly by the lower classes. (或者The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.)10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, “words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.II. Explain the italicized words in the following sentences. (P. 15-16)1. …their marriage may be on the rocks…on the rocks: in a condition of ruin2. …they got out of bed on the wrong side…get out of bed on the wrong side: be in a bad temper for the day3. The conversation was on wings.on wrings: flying /spirited4. …the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it.turn up one’s nose at: sneer at/scorn for5. …we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasnat.into one’s shoes: in another’s position6. …English had come royally into its own.come royally into one’s own: to receive what properly belongs to one7. …we sit up at the vividness of the phrase…sit up at: become suddenly alert toIII. Translation.A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也称不上是谈话。
2. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation.闲聊中常有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。
闲聊之中不存在输赢胜负。
3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own.或许是由于我年轻时常常光顾英国小酒馆的缘故，我觉得酒馆里的闲聊别有一番韵味。
4. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it——she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind ——but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.我不记得是什么使我们的一个伙伴提起这个话题——她显然不是特意来酒吧说这事的，那也不是她非说不可的要紧事——但她十分自然地在聊天中说出了这句话。
5. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.”每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制定一些条条框框时，总会遭到来自下层人民的抵制。
6. Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King’s English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality.词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。
标准英语就像诺曼人的盎格鲁式法语一样，也是一种对现实的阶级表达。
7. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below.让人们学着去规范英语也许不错，但不应当把它作为一条必须执行的法令，也不应当使它完全拒绝来自下层的改变。
8. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print.要是有人闲聊时像写文章那样标点分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话，那他一定是个最糟糕的聊天者。