北京四中撰稿老师：黄浩编审老师：蔡正礼责任编辑：丁华动词不定式的用法讲解及练习题不定式既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词，形容词和副词的句法功能否定式：not +不定式不定式的时态一般说来，不定式一般式表示的动作有时与限定动词表示的动作同时发生，也有时发生在限定动词表示的动作之后。

如：Who heard him say that?He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，通常与限定动词表示的动作同时发生，如：They are said to be building another bridge across the river.I happened to be going that way too.不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前，如：I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.I am glad to have seen your mother.不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语To talk with him is a great pleasure.不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后，如：It's nice to hear your voice.（2）作表语Her wish is to become an artist.（3）作宾语常用于及物动词: want , hope, wish, like, need, hate, offer, prefer, begin, start, attempt, decide, determine, expect, promise, pretend, refuse ,afford, manage, help等之后，如：You should continue to learn as long as you live.注1：如果作宾语的不定式又有自己的补语，则须用先行词it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置，如：They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注2：不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如:but, except等后边才行。

此时不定式可以带to或不带to,如：In very cold winter weather a cold-blooded animal has no choice but to lie down and sleep.There was nothing left to do but clean the windows.(前边有do, to 省略)但“疑问词+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语，如：I have no idea about what to do next.（4）作宾语补足语通常用于及物动词或动词短语：want ,wish, ask, order, beg, tell, permit, know, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, require, call on, wait for 等之后，如：The teacher asked the students to hand in their homework.（5）作定语不定式作定语时，须放在被它修饰的名词或代词之后。

被修饰的名词或代词往往是不定式的逻辑宾语。

I have a lot of work to do.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，又可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。

所以如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语作的, 不定式用主动。

试比较：Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send 的逻辑主语是you)Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式to be sent的逻辑主语是已被省略的me或someone else)I've got letters to write.He has something to say to you.（6）作状语作修饰动词的目的状语We must do everything we can to help them.作修饰动词的结果状语加强意料不到的语气，在表示结果的不定式前还可加only，如：I went to see him only to find him out.作修饰表语形容词的状语: 修饰形容词的不定式用主动:The chair is comfortable to sit in.作结果状语或程度状语。

too+形容词(或副词)+to do 太-----(以致)不能(做)It is too dark for us to see anything in the room.形容词(或副词)+ enough +to do -------足以(做)Is the boy old enough to go to school?（7）作独立成分To tell you the truthTo cut a long story shortTo begin with (首先)不定式的复合结构“for+名词(或代词宾语)+to do sth.”这种结构中的for本身无意义，for后的名词或代词(宾格)是不定式的逻辑主语This is for you to decide.句型1：It is + for sb. to do sth.句型2：It is + of sb. to do sth.good, kind, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless, naughty等不定式省去to的情况（1）当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to ，后面的不定式往往把to省去。

如：I wished to finish my homework and (to )get away.但是，如果是在对照的场合，则不可以省去“to”，如：It is better to laugh than cry. (wrong)（2）在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to ,look at和使役动词let, make, have的复合宾语中，不定式须省去to。

如：I am a doctor. Let me examine you.（3）在help的复合宾语中，不定式可以带to也可以不带to.He often helps me (to)do my home work.（4）had better, had best, would rather, would rather--- than, cannot but , --- You'd better remain where you are.精选练习Ⅰ、翻译句子1. ________________________________(保卫祖国) is our sacred duty.2. It is an honor __________________________(全心全意为人民服务).3. It was not correct ________________________(那样谈话).4. It was a mistake ____________________(不继续这项工作).5. It was stupid _______________________(我没有采纳你的意见).6. Her wish is ___________________(当一名科学家).7. Our main task is _________________(努力学习).8. The main purpose of a camera is ______________(照相).9. What worries me is ___________________(在会上该说些什么).10. What I wanted was _______________________(使这项工作尽快完成).11. I forget ___________________________(在信里提那件事了).12. Without hesitation Lao Li stopped his truck and helped_____________________ (把一袋袋的粮食运到安全的地方).13. Would you like ___________________________(出席这次会议).14. I'll show you ____________________________(怎样使用计算器).15. I found ________________________________(不可能使她改变主意).16. The doctor told _____________________________(病人们好好休息).17. I didn't expect ______________________________(问题那样复杂).18. Did you notice ______________________________(有人离开房子吗)?19. Man must make _______________________________(地球养活更多的人).20. You must get _________________________________(他今晚到这里来一趟).21. Do you have __________________________________(什么问题要问)?22. John Baird found _______________________________(用无线电传送图像的方法).23. There are ______________________________________(很多事情要谈)24. He is not _________________________________(只想自己的人).25. It's time __________________________________(你起床).26. He was delighted ____________________________(看见她身体这样好).27. This book is _______________________________(不容易懂).28. He liked new clothes so much that he spent all his time and all his money ________(为了穿得漂亮).29. You must speak louder ________________________(以便让大家都听见).30. She was ______________________________(气得说不出一句话来).Ⅱ、单项选择1. The teacher told them ________ make so much noise.A. don'tB. notC. will notD. not to2. Our master often told us _______ things for granted.A. not to haveB. not to takeC. didn't takeD. not to make3. Tell him _______ the window.A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. not shut4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to5. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never driveC. never drivingD. never drive6. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.A. to eat notB. eating notC. not to eatD. not eating7. The workers want us ________ together with them.A. workB. workingC. to workD. worked8. They would not allow him ________ across the enemy line.A. to risk goingB. risking to goC. for risk to goD. risk going9. I saw him _______ out of the room.A. goB. had goneC. has goneD. goes10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood.A. growB. grewC. was growingD. to grow11. I've heard him _______ about you often.A. spokeB. speaksC. speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _______, today he was made ______by his little sister.A. cry；to cryB. crying；cryingC. cry；cryD. to cry；cry13. He was made _________.A. goB. goneC. goingD. to go14. John was made _______ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to washB. washingC. washD. to be washing15. Paul doesn't have to be made _______. He always works hard.A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning16. There're so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind _______ to buy.A. whatB. whichC. howD. where17. There isn't any difference between the two. I really don't know _________.A. where to chooseB. which to chooseC. to choose whatD. to choose which18. “ Have you decided when ________?”“ Yes, tomorrow morning.”A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. will you leaveD. are you leaving19. Last summer I took a course on ________.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made20. He doesn't know ______ to stay or not.A. whetherB. ifC. eitherD. if he will21. She pretended _______ me when I passed by.A. not to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen22. --- The light in the office is still on.--- Oh, I forgot _______.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned it off23. We agreed _________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.A. having metB. meetingC. to meetD. to have met24. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD. taking25. I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to ________.A. make friend withB. make friends ofC. make friendsD. make friends with27. Go on ________ the other exercise after you have finished this one.A. to doB. doingC. withD. to be doing28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest29. Tom kept quiet about the accident ________ lose his job.A. so not as toB. so as not toC. so as to notD. not so as to30. I need a day or two ________.A. to think it overB. to think overC. of thinking31. He was too excited _________.A. speakB. to speakC. not to speakD. speaking32. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventingC. to have inventedD. having invented33. He said he would rather not _______ it right now.A. doingB. to doC. doD. to be doing34. Rather than _______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _______ a bicycle.A. ride； rideB. riding； rideC. ride； to rideD. to ride； riding35. It's freezing outside. You _______ put on your overcoat.A. had better toB. had betterC. would betterD. would better to36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _______.A. sitB. sit onC. be sitD. be sat on37. I'm hungry. Get me something _________.A. eatB. to eatC. eatingD. for eating38. --- I usually go there by train.--- Why not _______ by boat for a change?A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going39. She did nothing _______ at the photo.A. except lookB. but to lookC. except to lookD. but looking40. I asked him to _______ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems.A. spendB. spareC. saveD. share41. They won't let their teacher _______ in that way.A. to be treatedB. being treatedC. treatedD. be treated42. John, you must get your room ________ after breakfast.A. to be cleanedB. to cleanC. cleaningD. cleaned43. The problem _______ at tomorrow's meeting is a very difficult one.A. being discussedB. discussedC. to be discussedD. to discuss44. He reached the station _____ only _____ that the train had just left.A. tired； learnedB. tiring； learningC. to tire； to learnD. tired； to learn45. --- Did that book give the information you needed?--- Yes, but ______, we had to read it almost entirely.A. for finding itB. to find itC. finding itD. by finding it46. I'm sorry I forgot ______your dictionary. Let's borrow one from Li Ming.A. to takeB. takingC. to bringD. bringing47. She couldn't decide which restaurant _______.A. to have lunchB. to eatC. to eat atD. eating at48. This problem is said _____ three times.A. to have been talkedB. to have discussedC. having been discussedD. to have been talked about49. Everybody believed the man ______ away the diamond ring.A. be takenB. takingC. to takeD. to have taken50. I prefer ____ rather than ______.A. read； watchB. to read； watchC. reading； to watchD. to read； to watch参考答案：Ⅰ、1. To defend our motherland2. to serve the people heart and soul3. to talk like that4. not to go on with the work5. of me not to take your advice6. to be a scientist7. to study hard8. to take photographs9. what to say at the meeting10. to get the work done as quickly as possible11. to mention it in the letter12. to carry the sacks of grain to safety13. to be present at the meeting ( to attend the meeting)14. how to use the computer15. it impossible to make her change her mind16. the patients to take a good rest17. the problem to be so complicated18. anyone leave the house19. the earth support more people20. him to come over here this evening21. any question to ask22. a way to send pictures by wireless23. a lot of things to talk about24. a man to think only of himself25. for you to get up26. to see her in such good health27. not easy to understand28. in order to be well dressed29. so as to be heard by everybody30. too angry to say a wordⅡ、1-5 DBBAA 6-10 CCAAA 11-15 CADAB 16-20 BBAAA21-25 ACCAB 26-30 DACBA 31-35 BCCCB 36-40 BBDAB41-45 DDCDB 46-50 CCDDB附：部分题目解析：1．tell sb. not to do sth.告诉某人不做某事2．take sth. for granted “把某事想当然”，是一个固定词组。