I.II.III.IV.V.Short answer question(5*3’)Unit 1.1)Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.(P8-P9)[4 points]a.Convenient transportation systems.b.Innovative communication systems.c.Economic globalization（经济全球化）.d.Widespread migrations(移民).2)What are the three ingredients of culture.[3 points]a.Artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)b.Behavior(what they do)c.Concepts(beliefs, valued ,world views...)(what they think )3)How to understand cultural iceberg.[2 aspects]a.The culture like iceberg that is visible above the waterline and is only a small part of the iceberg.b.The culture like iceberg that is invisible section below the waterline and only can be suspected and imaged.4)Characteristic of culture.[4 points]a.Culture is shared.b.Culture is learned.c.Culture is dynamic.d.Culture is ethnocentric.5)Characteristics of communication.[6 pints]munication is dynamic.munication is irreversible(不可逆的).munication is symbolic(符号性的).munication is systematic(系统的).munication is transactional(交互式的).munication is contextual(上下文的，受语境影响的).Unit 2-46)The differences in addressing people between English and Chinese cultures. order.[ East：Surname + Given nameWest：Given name + surname]b.East：Using the first name.West：Given name is limited.c.China use kinship terms to relate by blood or marriage.English do not use kinship terms like Chinese.d.Address by title, office, profession.Chinese：Address people by person’s title, office or profession(职业).English：Only a few occupations or titles could be used.7)Social functions of compliments(称赞).[7 points] P50.Pra 1st.Compliments have a serious of social functions:a.Creating or reinforcing solidarity(加强团结).b.Greeting people.c.Expressing thanks or congratulations.d.Encouraging people.e.Softening criticism(软化批评).f.Starting a conversation.g.Overcoming embarrassment(难堪).Unit 58)Different features of M-time and P-time (定义要写).M-time(Monochronic Time 单一性时间观) means only do one thing at a time. It features one event at a time.Time is perceived as a linear structure or something concrete (有形的), tangible (切实的).P-time(Polychronic Time 多元时间观) means being involved with many things at once. It is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time. This way is more flexible and human-centered (以人为中心).Unit 59)10)Influenced the gender socialization. [2 points ]There are two primary influences on gender socialization:a.Family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction amongchildren.b.Recreational interaction among children.11)Six principles for effective cross-gender communication. [P127]a.Suspend judgement(暂不决断)b.Recognize the validity of different communication styles.c.Provide translation cues.d.Seek translation cues.e.Enlarge your own communication style.f.Suspend judgement.Unit 712)The concepts of high context culture and low context culture.High context is messages that are implicitly (隐含性) covered by context and non-verbal understandings as contrasted with explicitly conveying messages by verbal codes。

Low context is messages that are explicitly(明确的) covered by verbal codes.13)What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by kluckhohnand strodtbeck?What is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?a.American culture hold :Human nature is evil but perfectible (可完善的).Mankind can conquer/(gain mastery with) nature.They have a linear time concept and future-oriented.Focus on doing, leading to external achievements.Foster the development of autonomous individuals.b.Chinese culture hold:Human nature is good but corruptible (易堕落的).Human can live in harmony with nature.They have cyclical concept of time and past-oriented.Human is being and becoming (成为) atlitude toward human activity, keep inner peace.They are focus more on benefit of group.VI.Case study 10% (课外案例分析.阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题)（深入研究unit 5 和unit 2 ，unit 4（culturally -loaded words），每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A,B （划过的问答题，C（euphemism understanding），以及E（cultural puzzles）））1)Four dimensions:a.Individualism个人主义：self-confidence，self-independence，self-esteem(自尊)Individual culture：Self is more important than group.b.Power distance权利距离：Cultures are classified on a continuum(连续统一体) of high to lowc.Uncertainty avoidance不确定性规避：A society’s tolerance for ambiguity people will endure andhow much risk they like to take.[Reflected on risk-taking, whether the people are willing to take risks,d.Masculinity男性化：Masculine cultures: high values on masculine traits, stress assertiveness, competition and material success.Feminine cultures: high values on feminine traits, stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships, andconcern for the weak.2)For example:Why did the farmer do that?What values are reflected in this story?---the farmer explained to his son that one could never at any time in any way make other people feel inferior, even unintentionally and out of goodwill. What accounts for the farmer’s behavior is that he believed in individualism, independence, self-reliance, self-esteem, and egalitarianism, the major values in the USA.Power distance：Germany dose not have a large gap between the wealthy and the poor, but have a strong belief in equality for each citizens.The US exhibits a more unequal distribution wealth than German society. And the distance between the haves’ and have-nots’ grows larger and larger.Low and high uncertainty avoidance:United states, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index.Japan ___high。