Human milk oligosaccharides: Only the breastJournal of Paediatrics and Child Health Volume 33, Issue 4, pages 281–286, 1997Keywords: infection; human milk; oligosaccharides; lactose; sialic acidAbstract: Over 100 years ago it was first deduced that a major component of human milk must be an unidentified carbohydrate that was not found in cows milk. At first this was thought to be a form of lactose and was called gynolactose. We now know that this was not a single carbohydrate but a complex mixture of approximately 130 different oligosaccharides. Although small amounts of a few oligosaccharides have been found in the milk of other mammals, this rich diversity of sugars is unique to human milk. The oligosaccharide content of human milk varies with the infant's gestation, the duration of lactation, diurnally and with the genetic makeup of the mother. Milk oligosaccharides have a number of functions that may protect the health of the breast fed infant. As they are not digested in the small intestine, they f orm the ‘soluble’ fibre of breast milk and their intact structure is available to act as competitive ligands protecting the breast-fed infant from pathogens. There is a growing list of pathogens for which a specific oligosaccharide ligand has been described in human milk. They are likely to form the model for future therapeutic and prophylactic anti-microbials. They provide substrates for bacteria in the infant colon and thereby contribute to the difference in faecal pH and faecal flora between breast and formula-fed infants. They may also be important as a source of sialic acid, essential for brain development.Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infantsThe Journal of Pediatrics Volume 145, Issue 3, pages 297–303, 2004Abstract：1、Objective：To determine the association between maternal milk levels of 2-linked fucosylated oligosaccharide and prevention of diarrhea as a result of Campylobacter, caliciviruses, and diarrhea of all causes in breast-fed infants.2、Study design：Data and banked samples were analyzed from 93 breast-feeding mother-infant pairs who were prospectively studied during 1988-1991 from birth to 2 years with infant feeding and diarrhea data collected weekly; diarrhea was diagnosed by a study physician. Milk samples obtained 1 to 5 weeks postpartum were analyzed for oligosaccharide content. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression.3、Results：Total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide in maternal milk ranged from 0.8 to 20.8 mmol/L (50%-92% of milk oligosaccharide). Moderate-to-severe diarrhea of all causes (n = 77 cases) occurred less often (P = .001) in infants whose milk contained high levels of total 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide as a percent of milk oligosaccharide. Campylobacter diarrhea (n = 31 cases) occurred less often (P = .004) in infants whose mother's milk contained high levels of 2′-FL, a specific 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide, and calicivirus diarrhea (n = 16 cases) occurred less often (P = .012) in infants whose mother's milk contained high levels of lacto-N-difucohexaose (LDFH-I), another 2-linked fucosyloligosaccharide.4、Conclusion：This study provides novel evidence suggesting that human milk oligosaccharides are clinically relevant to protection against infant diarrhea.Separation of human milk oligosaccharides by recycling chromatography. First isolation of lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II and 3′-galactosyllactose from this source Carbohydrate Research Volume 178, Issue 1, Pages 79-91, 1988Abstract：Lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)- [α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]- d-Glc, and 3′-galactosyllactose, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, were isolated for the first time from human milk by means of a recycling chromatography technique. Through this method, carried out mainly on columns of K+ ion-exchange resins and either Bio-Gel P-4 or TSK 40W(S) gel filtration media, up to one gram of an oligosaccharide mixture could be handled andlacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II separated from isomeric lacto-N-difucohexaose I, α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d- Galp-(1→3)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→4)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and II, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-[α-l- Fucp-(1→4)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-d- Glc. This method also permitted resolution of isomeric mixtures of the trisaccharides 2′-fucosyllactose, α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)- d-Glc, and 3-fucosyllactose, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-d-Glc, the tetrasaccharideslacto-N-tetraose, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and lacto-N-neo-tetraose, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and the pentaoses lacto-N-fucopentaose I, α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, II, β-d-Galp-(1→3)-[α-l- Fucp-(1→4)]-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, and III, β-d-Galp-(1→4)-[α-l-Fucp-(1→3)]-β-d- GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→4)-d-Glc, which have proved difficult if not impossible to separate by other means. The isolation of these and other milk oligosaccharides is described herein. The 500-MHz1H-n.m.r. spectra of lacto-N-neo-difucohexaose II and 3′-galactosyllactose, and their alditols, are recorded. 1H-N.m.r. data on some other milk oligosaccharides, both natural and reduced, are also given.Physiology of the consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by infant-gut associated bifidobacteriaJ Biol Chem.2011 Aug 9Biological functions of oligosaccharides in human milkActa Paediatrica （Wiley Blackwell数据库）Volume 82, Issue 12, pages 903–912, December 1993摘要以图像形式呈现，但是根本看不清。