Main tasks:
The scope of sociolinguistics Varieties of language Standard dialect Pidgin and Creole Bilingualism and diglossia
The scope of sociolinguistics
Accent is an important marker of sociolect.
Language and gender (语言与性别)
Women’s speech closely approaches the standard variety than the speech of men.
Micro-sociolinguistics: to look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm’s-eye view of language in use.
从其中的个体成员的角度来观察社会，或对 使用中的语言作一个具体的详细的ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้察。
Regional dialect (地域方言)
A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.
Sociolect (社会方言)
Social-class dialect, or sociolect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.
The relatedness between language and society
Language is used to establish and maintain social relationship.
Users of the same language speak differently due to their different social background.
Chapter 8
Language and Society
What is sociolinguistics?
Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
Male and female speeches are also found to be different in the use of intonations.
Gender differentiations is also reflected in the use of certain lexical items.
The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community.
Speech variety, or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
Varieties of language 语言变体
Dialectal varieties (方言变体) Register (语域) Degree of formality (正式度)
Dialectal varieties (方言变体)
Regional dialect (地域方言) Sociolect (社会方言) Language and gender (语言与性别) Language and age (语言和年龄) Idiolect (个人方言) Ethnic dialect (种族方言)
The relatedness between language and society (语言和社会的相关性)
Speech community and speech variety (言语社区和言语变体)
Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies (社会语言学的两种研究方法)
Language and age
Language used by the old generation differs from that used by the younger generation in certain ways.
Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies
Macro-sociolinguistics: to look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, i.e. a bird’s-eye view of the languages used in society. 将社会看作一个整体，考察语言是如何在其中 运作的，以及他是如何反映社会差异的，即 对社会中所使用的语言的一个总观。
Language reflects both the physical and social environments of a society.
Language is closely related to the structure of the society.
Speech community and speech variety 言语社区和言语变体