Hillbillies: the people who live in the Appalachian MountainsHillbilly music: the music which mixed British Isles’ folk music and the bluesCountry music: It’s another name of hillbilly music when it becomes popular, and are often sad stories of love and broken heartsGreat Depression: the greatest economic crisis happen first in America during the 1930sFolk songs: songs are like country songs but they are more traditional and more serious Woodie Guthrie: a folk song writer during the 1930sWe shall overcome: a name of an old folk song which the marchers sang for the purpose of changing the laws in the USBob Dylan: King of American folk musicJoan Baez: Queen of American folk musicAmerican teenagers: a new group of people which had a new way of dressing, new hairstyle and new dancesR&B (rhythm and blues): a dance music with a good beat, also called popular black musicRock and roll music: a music which had a strong dance beat and the musicians played electric guitars and were loud and fastSam Philips: the owner of Sun Record CompanyElvis Presley: the king of rock and rollPopular black music: a music which has a strong beat for dancingSoul music: it is the popular dance music called in the 1960s and was always dance music Disco: It is a kind of soul music often with Latin rhythms which was popular in the 1970s Michael Jackson: The king of popWhitney Houston: an American singer, actress, producer, and model. The most awarded female act and one of pop music's best-selling music artists of all timePrince: an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor.Tina Turner: a singer, dancer, actress, and author,Aretha Franklin: an American singer and musicianRap: a very skillful kind of fast street talk, with a strong rhythmRap music: a music which rap talking combined with musicRock music: a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the 1950sPunk or New Wave: a new kind of rock music which was loud and simple with a strong beat Walkman: something that people could take music with them in the 1970s and 1980sMTV: a new TV station started in 1981Heavy metal groups: a music team with their long hair and loud musicLive Aid: a video made by musicians to help solve world problemsJazz: the music of the American NegroErotica: one symphony which Beethoven originally called the “Bonaparte”but later renamed when he withdrew the dedication to NapoleonThe ‘Fifth’: a symphony which was inspired by man’s struggle against fateThe ’Pastoral’: a symphony which has five rather than four movementsThe ’Choral’: a symphony which uses a chorus in the last movement‘Moonlight’, ‘Pathetique’, ‘Appassionata’: some of his 32 piano sonatasSpirituals: religious songs which one line of musical development led to the creation ofBlues: the other produced songs that were not religious but worldlyA flattened third and a flattened seventh: two “blues” noteJazz: the form of music which the horns gave the players a flattened third and a flattened seventh Trumpets: it is one of the world’s oldest instruments and they are hollow tubes and all blown. (actually the leading member of an entire family of related instruments)Cornets, bugles, flugelhorns: instruments that are all similar to the trumpet in the way they are made and playedThe composer: a man of mystery.Erhu: it is a kind of violin (fiddle) with two strings which, together with zhonghu, gaohu, sihu, belongs to the “hupin” family.Hua Yanjun and Liu Tianhua: two famous artists who made an exceptional contribution to the improvement of the erhu.Sensuous level: the simplest way of listening to music, to listen for the pleasure of the musical soundThe sound appeal of music: a strong and primitive forceThe expressive level: to understand the meaning of a piece of musicThe musical level: music does exist in terms of the notes themselves and of other arrangementsThe Great Depression: It was a time of misery and human suffering in the 1930sMartin Luther King: he was an American civil rights leader who worked to bring about social, political and economic equality for African-Americans by peaceful meansThe Supreme Court decision: that the Alabama’s laws requiring segregation on buses were unconstitutional was a crucial landmarkThe Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: a group which Martin trained in the nonviolent method to desegregate lunch counters and restaurants.The most dangerous criminal: the man gifted with reason, but with no moralsColin L. Powell: Secretary of State who was nominated by President Bush on December 16, 2000 Booker T. Washington: the founder of Tuskegee InstituteWorld War I: a war that marked a turning point in African-American history by hastening the long-term process of black urbanization and institutional developmentCollege-educated blacks: which DuBois called them the Talented Tenth who mainly received academic rather than vocational training and were thereby better able to provide articulate political and cultural leadershipThe 369th Infantry Regiment: the first Allied regiment to reach the Rhine RiverAffirmative action: it means that those in charge of businesses, organizations, and institutions should take affirmative (positive) action to find minorities to fill jobsReverse discrimination: very qualified people sometimes do not get jobs when they are filled by people from a certain minorityDenzel Washington: a model of confidenceSt. Elsewhere: a new television showJesse Jackson: a black American who is one of the most dynamic forces for social and political action in America for the blackToni Morrison: an American author who was awarded the Noble Prize for Literature in 1993 George Wofford: a welderToni Cade Bambara and Gayl Jones: black authorsThe Bluest Eye: Morrison’s first novelShirley Temple: an American film and television actress, singer, dancer and public servant, most famous as Hollywood's number one box-office star from 1935 through 1938.Robert Goheen Professor of the Humanities: In 1898 Morrison was named this at Princeton UniversityParadise: Morrison’s first novel since the Nobel PrizeBeloved: Morrison’s novel that won the Pulitzer Prize in 1987, the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Noble Prize in 1993Nobel Prize: a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of academic, cultural and/or scientific advances. Love: Morrison’s eighth novelThe Black narrative: had always been understood to be a confrontation with some White people put sb. on the truck: to give up sb. or betray sb.Greek StoriesOrpheus: the first and greatest of musicians, son of ApolloEurydice: Orpheus’s wifeThe nymphs of the valley: Eurydice’s sistersThe Underworld: the Kingdom where the dead goes, also called HadesPluto: the king of the UnderworldProserpine: the queen of the UnderworldStyx: the river in the Underworld where the dead should passCerberus: the fierce three-headed dogArgus: Odysseus’s old hunting dogOrpheus’s music: the music that make people get rid of worry and griefSpringing flowers: flowers that are coming outThe land of the dead: also called the Underworld, Pluto’s realm or Hades where the dead goes Eros: the god of love, also called Cupid in Latin (son of Aphrodite by Ares)Argonautic expedition Medeia: the daughter of King Aietes, wife of the hero JasonApollo: the sun-god, the god of music and poetry, son of Zeus and LetoZeus: the god of sky and thunder and the ruler of the Olympians of Mount OlympusKing Midas: the ears of the judge ,his ability to turn everything he touched with his hand into gold.( This came to be called the Golden touch, or the Midas touch.)[Clytie: a fair maiden who loves Apollo, became a sunflower in the endHephaestus: Zeus’s son, the Greek god of blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals, metallurgy, fire and volcanoes.[Pandora: a beautiful maiden out of clay by Hephaestus charming young lady, the first woman that ever lived who was named by Zeus and has two gifts which are harmful to men(the first human woman created by the gods, specifically by Hephaestus and Athena on the instructions of Zeus) Epimetheus: brother of Prometheus, the Titan from Greek mythologyNarcissus: a handsome youth who fell in love with himself madly and became a daffodil after he diedEcho: a wood nymph who loves Narcissus but she pined away and only her voice remainedDionysus: the god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness, fertility, theatre and religious ecstasy in Greek mythology.Poseidon: the lord of the sea, brother of Zeus, the Shaker of the EarthDemeter: the goddess of fertility, corn, grain, and the harvestAthens: a city also called Attica named by AthenaOdysseus: the king of the rocky island of Ithaca, where he lived with his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus (a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and a hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey.) Eumaeus: Odysseus's swineherd and friend, also an old servantExaminations:Objective examinations: exams that you are limited to selecting the right answer from a group of possible answers and you don’t write anything and you merely decide whether the answer A, B, C or D is correct.Standard exams: (TOFEL, English Proficiency Test, The Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Record Examination) exams that you are not expected to answer all of the questions or get a perfect score, these exams are corrected by machineSubjective (or Essay-type Examinations): exams that you are able to express your own opinions freely and interpret information in any way you wish and the teacher is able to evaluate the quality of your opinions and interpretations as well as the organization and logic of your presentationLawWorms and viruses: these terms crash networks, massive disruptions in communications and infrastructure systems, and billions of dollars of damagesThe Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section: a special section of the criminal division in the Department of Justice devoted to combating cybercrimeThe Groups of Eight Industrial Nations (the Councils of Europe): partnerships of the Department of JusticeThe InfraGard program: a unique partnership between the Department of Justice, businesses, academic institutions, and state and local law enforcement agencies, dedicated to increasing the security of the United States’ critical infrastructures.The Cybercitizen Partnership (Information Association of America Foundation): Partners of the Department to teach young people the right ways to use the Internet‘Cold water’, ‘hot water’, ‘hot iron’, ‘morsel’: four forms of ordeal which was a typical way of doing justice in the Middle AgesJ. Miller Leavy: head of the trials department of the Los Angeles District Attorney’s Office Lawyers(American English): also called barristers in the UK, they call the judge “My Lord” rather than “Your Honor” as the Americans do, wear black robes and small, curled, white wigs. Solicitor: a different kind of British lawyer to prepare the case when witnesses have made statements in writing which the barristers have examined and before they appeal in court the barrister almost never talks to his client or to the witnessesProbation: the person is given a suspended sentence and is set free to avoid a jail sentence Parole: allows people in prison to finish their terms in the outside world, to reduce the number ofinmates in the prisonsPretrial conference: the judge meets in his chambers with the persons and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trialCivil and criminal: two kinds of disputes which courts handleCivil laws: to do with the things people have a legal right to expect of one another1.Criminal law: a public matter, men are sent to jail fairly often in criminal cases, but onlyrarely in civil casesPlaintiff: the person who sues another in a civil casePleadings: the complaint, answer, and other similar papersDefendant: a person or entity accused of a crime in criminal prosecution or a person or entity against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil caseProsecutor: also called a district attorney, a person who prepares formal written charges (the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system.)Indictment: the grand jury’s charge or accusation to the defendant of a crimeA grand jury: the witnesses of the prosecutorFelony: a serious crimeMisdemeanor: a less serious crimeArraignment: after the accusation is filed with the court, the defendant is called in with his lawyer to answer itWitnesses: people who know sth about the case from their own observationEvidence: including physical objects (rules of evidence govern the types of evidence that are admissible in a legal proceeding, types of legal evidence include testimony, documentary evidence, and physical evidence)Materiality: helpfulness in deciding the issueWitness’s “demeanor”: how he behaves on the witness stand, his tone of voice, his attitude Cross-examination: a way when the lawyer on the other side questions the same witnessDirect examination: a way when a lawyer asks questions of a witness whose answers will help his side of the caseThe court’s “charge” to the jury: after the jury has heard all the evidence, the judge instructs the jury and explains the law that applies in the case“verdict”: either guilty or not guilty in a criminal case, or an award of money as “damages” in a civil case( the formal finding of fact made by a jury on matters or questions submitted to the jury by a judge)Probation: on condition that he behave himself well in the future (probation only applies to community sentences (alternatives to incarceration), such as suspended sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those conditionally released from prison on paroleThe appeals: the arguments of lawyers on both sidesAffirm: means that a decision has been reviewed and found validReverse: To revoke a law, or to change a decision into its oppositeDismissed: to end the caseThe Supreme Court: the highest court of the countryGenerationAmerican Dream: a national ethos of the United States, a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility for the family and children, achieved through hard work in a society with few barriers.HousingMobile homes: a prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, for holiday or temporary accommodation, they are left often permanently or semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be required to move from time to time for legal reasons ( drawn to the trailer park, water and electricity power connected, the television antenna raised, and the family is in residence, comfortable, easy to keep clean, easy to heat)。