洋务运动兴起的历史背景
The historical background of the rising of the Westernization Movement
太平天国运动仍未被镇压下去（内忧）
The Taiping Rebellion hadn't been repressed (internal sufferings)
中 国 近 代 化
经济领域(Economic Field)： 工业化(以机器生产为标志)——富强 Industrialization(Marked by machinery production)--rich and strong 政治领域(Political Field)： 反侵略——民族独立 Anti-aggression--National Independence 反封建——民主自由 Anti-feudalism--Democracy and freedom 思想文化领域(Ideology and culture field)： 学习西方——思想解放 Learn from the western --Ideological Liberation
洋务运动
The Westernization Movement
中国近代化的起步
The starting of the modernization in China
19世纪中期，近代化是世界性的进步潮流， 它是指从传统农业社会向近代工业化社会的转 变过程。 On the mid-19th century,Modernization is a worldwide progressive trend,It points the process of changing from a traditional agricultural society to a modern industrialized society.
顽固派：
the Diehard:
顺应时变，学习西技
Comply with time-varying, learn Western technology
中体西用
洋务运动的指导思想
Westernized Chinese Style__The guiding ideology of Westernization Movement
如何判定洋务企业的性质？
How to determine the nature of the Westernization enterprises?
• 一个企业的性质主要由生产目的、产品分配、 销售和企业管理特点等方面决定的。像江南制 造总局这样的军事工业，其生产目的是为清政 府服务，产品由清政府分配给军队使用，内无 资金积累，外无市场联系，企业的管理机构又 是封建衙门式的，所以我们称像它这样的军事 工业为封建性质的企业；像轮船招商局这样的 民用企业，其生产的目的是为了获取利润，企 业的管理中也出现了资本主义性质的管理方式， 因此这些民用企业基本上是以利润、市场和价 值规律为基础的资本主义性质的企业。
建立在近代资本主义政治、经济基 础上的近代技术与腐朽的封建社会体制 是不相容的，这正是洋务派的不足之处。
The modern technology established on modern capitalist political and economic are incompatible with the decadent feudal social system , this is the deficiencies of the Westernization Group.
第二次鸦片战争再次战败,签定了一系 列不平等条约 （外患）
The Second Opium War lost again , a series of unequal treaties were signed(external sufferings)
第二次鸦片战争后,中外反动势力开始 勾结
After the Second Opium War, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces began to collude.
Modernization in China
何谓“洋务”
？
What does "Westernization" mean?
• 是指诸如外事交涉、签订条约、派遣留学 生、购买洋枪洋炮、开矿办厂等与外国资 本主义有关的事情。 They are matters relating to foreign capitalism,such as Negotiation about foreign affairs、Sign treaty、Returned Students dispatch、purchase foreign gun and cannon、 develop mine and duild factory
The nature of an enterprise is decided mainly by features such as production purposes, the product distribution, sales and business management . Such as the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau military industry, its production was for the Qing government services, products assigned by the Qing government to the military use , within nonaccumulation funds and foreign non-market links, business management organization is bureaucratic feudal style, so We call it such as the feudal nature of the military-industrial enterprises; Steamship such as civilian business, its purpose is to produce a profit, the management company also appears the management of the nature of capitalism, these civilian enterprises are profit, market and the capitalist law of value-based nature of the enterprise,basically.
both agreed the spiritual values of traditional concepts, but
also confirmed the practical value of the Western industrial and machinery production technologies . This laid
洋务派与顽固派的争论
• 洋务派要购买外洋器物，始而演习，继 而试造，主张学习西方先进技术，剿发 捻，勤远略，即镇压农民起义，抵抗外 侮，中心是维护清朝统治
• The Westernization Group want purchase oceanic artifacts ,started to exercise, then tried to make advocates ,learned the advanced technology, destroyed hair twist, a little ground away, Tt was to repress peasant uprisings and against foreign aggression, the center was defending the rule of Qing Dynasty
• 洋务运动的口号就是师夷长技以自强
The Westernization Movement's slogan is Learning the skills to self-reliance
• —既承认西方在技术方面的先进，又强调学 习的目的在增强自身实力而不是削弱自身传 统；既认同传统观念的精神价值，又确认西 方工业、机器生产技术的实用价值。这就为 洋务运动的逐步开展奠定了理论基础-
1861年,总理衙门设立
In 1861, The Premier Government was established.
辛酉政变后，慈禧太后掌握实权
After xinyou coup,the Empress Dowager Cixi mastered real power.
汉族官僚势力逐步扩大
Han bureaucratic forces expanded gradu does "The Westernization Movement" mean? • 是指１９世纪６０—９０年代，封建统治阶 级中的洋务派打着“自强” 、 “求富”的旗 号，开展的一场企图摆脱内忧外患、维护清 朝封建统治的自救运动。
On 19century 60s-90s, the Westernization Group in the feudal ruling class carried out self-help movement and attempted to get rid of internal and external Sufferings , uphold the rule of the feudal Qing Dynasty in the name of "self-strong"、 “pursuing wealth”。
The attitude to modern western civilization and the means of solving internal and external problems is different. Differences