考试题型：一．回答问题二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的)三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally,/furthermore, …/what is more,Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing1.1 Classification of professional paperA professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic.1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing StyleGenerally, English Academic writing is:1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang.3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you.4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explic it about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related.5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings.6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎)7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.Answer:Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles,passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等）(subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......)Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords2.1 Titles2.1.1. General functions1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)2). Attracting the Reader (吸引读者)3). Facilitating the Retrieval (方便检索)2.1.2.Linguistic Features做分析题时候，可以根据下面的格式进行分析。

1) Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and Gerunds(使用名词、名词短语和动名词)The words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text.For example, we may easily find such titles as: 句子背不下来就不要用(1)Working mechanism application of LED(2) Civilization's Source and Its Implication.(3) A Multi-perspective Account of Met linguistic Negation.(4) Research on the Motivations of Lexis and V ocabulary Learning Strategies.2) Using Incomplete Sentences(使用不完整的句子)A title is just a label of appellation of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the content, so even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence.For example, “意识形态是文化的特殊样态”.2.3 Keywords2.3.1 General Functions:A. Easiness of Retrieval (检索方便)B. Easiness of Highlighting(突出醒目)2.3.1 Linguistic FeaturesA. Nominalization (名词化): Keywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs. For example, investigate -- investigation; fabricate -- fabrication; educate -- education.B. Limited Number (关键字数目有限): The number of the keywords for a paper should be limited. Min – max (2-8), average (4-6).C. Designated Choice (不能随意选择): The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/or the abstract.ExercisesCorrect the mistakes in the following titles according to the writing requirements you've learnt in this unit.1. Digital Laser Micro interferometer and Its Applying. (Applying----Application)2. Measuring of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-shifting Image Digital Holography. (Measuring---Measurement)3. The Effects of the Patient Age and Physician Training on the Choice and Dose of Anti-melancholic Drugs. (去掉所有的“the”)4. Scope of the Investigations: the First Phase. (去掉第一个“the”)5. A New Broadband Uniform Accuracy DOA Estimator. (DOA---标题不具体，太宽泛extensive)Unit 3 Abstract一般出现下面问题时，可以从如下几点回答：（1）Comment on the following abstract（2）Analyze the following abstract?Answer :a, Complex(复杂)--sentences’ structure .b, Objective(客观)--no personal pronoun is used in the abstract above.c, The active voice is commonly used in it .(主动语态)d, The information of an abstract is arranged in one paragraph .(一个段落)（3）Analyze the problems exiting in the following abstract?Answer : a, Informal(不正式) -For example, ”I think”.b, Over-simplified Statements(表述过分简单）c, Monotonous Expression（单一的表达）d, Mixed writing stylee, Incomplete contents(内容不完整)f, Displacement of information(摘要各成分之间顺序混乱，篇幅不合理)1. 语态单一(全主动或全被动)2. 口语化3. 太过简单和复杂4. 摘要各成分之间顺序混乱5. 摘要各成分之间篇幅不合理3.1. Definition of AbstractAn abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.The purpose of an abstract is to provide prospective readers the opportunity to judge the relevance of the longer work of their projects.3.4. Classification of AbstractsDepending on which information they contain, abstracts can be classified into major types: indicative (or descriptive) abstracts, informative abstracts, indicative - informative abstracts and author abstracts.descriptive abstract 把问题进行了概述但对研究结果未提及，而在informational abstract 中提供了主要研究结果。