变化中的英语复习重点总结1.全世界语言→ 4000-5000种(P7)2.Dead language → no living speakers (P7)3.Historical variation → variation over timeRegional variation → variation in different places (P15)4.RP Standard English Network English:Standard English → Written EnglishRP → Received Pronunciation ( Also Southern Educated British English)Network English → Educated American English (P19)5.V ocabulary change in English (P23-24)6.词汇来源：Borrowing(e.g dim sum), Abbreviations(e.g MTR), Translations(e.g dragonboat)(P28-29)7.英国语言→English, Welsh(Wales地区) Gaelic （Scotland地区）( P36)8.Dialects→ Different ways of speaking the same languageAccent → We are talking only about the sounds of the language in some places (P39)nguage family:English →Indo-European family(印欧语系)Chinese → Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系) P6410.英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1st– AD 5th→Latin- speaking Romans 来自Mediterranean2)AD 5th - 8th and 9th→ Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚人(Angles盎格鲁人, Saxons撒克逊部族, Jutes朱特族人) invaded Britain 来自North West Europe3)AD 11th→French-speaking Normans 来自Normandy(P69-70)11.Standard English:A: Come from → South EastB: Reason →. Its importance is matter of culture and history(P75 )13. A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.(P86)14.Receptive(听读) →You recognize a word and know what it means.Productive（说写）→You can say a word or you can write it.NOTE: 每个人的Receptive knowledge of vocabulary要大于Productive knowledge (P89-90)15.Prescriptive teaching(说明性教学) →correct students’ mistakesProductive teaching(输出性教学) → Practice students’ English by speaking and writing.Descriptive teaching(描述性教学) → Tell students how English has changed and come to beas it is now. P100 P10318.美国历史（The New World: the continent of America:)1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releigh’s two expeditions to the New World1620→English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower1775 → American war of Independence started1785 → End of the A set up1790 → First census人口普查held. About 90%of the population of British descent后裔P120-12119. The US A → The melting-potIn New York harbour → You ca n see the Statue of Liberty P122-12321. 印度英语发展历史：The East India Company → Started in 17 century, by 1813, it came toan end.19th century → The English man named Macaulay was called the President of theCommittee of Public Instruction，set up universities ofEnglish language P138-13922. 澳大利亚Australia 形成，Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770astronomical observation18th century: penal colony (罪犯流放地) (P140-141)23.Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle →Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of Indiadeveloped the idea of classifying the internationaluse of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongueBritain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South AfricaOuter Circle: taught in schools, international and official businessIndian Hong KongExpanding Circle: not an official language , international use P14724. Esperanto世界语→具有全球扩广的语言特征，且适合全球使用的理想语言What an ideal language for global use 理由P158-159Artificial language → The failed reason (p160-161)Simplify a natural language → Noah Webster made English spelling easier for the children Basic English →designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-16225. Social Variation →speakers use English differently with their social and educational level.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p16626. Dead languages → Latin and Sanskrit(梵语)French, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p17027. Pygmalion → He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And heloves her and she came lived.My Fair Lady → Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P182-183 28. False beginners → The students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a languageThe first stage of learning → Learning the rules of the sound system, the grammar, the writing system, and the vocabulary.The second stage of learning → Using English in a variety of ways. P187-18829. The rules of writing English → p202A. Always make sure your sentences are complete.B. Every sentence must hace a subject and a verb.C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence.D. Never use slang(俚语) or even informal words.30. T he components of a Trade Deal → p216A. a commodity(商品).B. a currencyC. a sellerD. a buyerE. a marketF. a means of communication.31. Lingua Franca(交际语/通用语) → used for trade deal p224-228Pidgin(混杂语/洋泾浜语) → It means a language,used for purpose of trade.Creoles(克利奥尔语) →是Pidgin进化后的语言p228-237Black English → P230-233Papua New Guinea → Adopted Tok PisinCreole can become a national language. ,but a pidgin can’t P23532. Present day international trade P24333. Faxed English → P249-250-25234. English in science P262 P265-26635. English in international transport P266-277Risks in air travel P271English in air traffic control →A. The language of Internetational Air Traffic Control is English.B. It is used by all ground control staff and flight crew.C. It is used in all parts of the world.D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English.E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recordedF. It is the English of a special area of knowledge.G. It is formal, but not polite or indirect.H. It is brief, clear, and direct. P 275Sea-speak → A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication.Jargon行话→I t’s a special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines and techniques use it.Slang俚语→ For the language used by young people to keep out the old.36. English and TV → P279 P28737. English and Information technology →P289English and IT → P296 P29838. ELT → English language teachingNative-speaker English language teacher 和Blingual teacher双语教师各自的优点和缺点→见P302表格Five important ELT terms: p307A.Pattern practice句型练习→Learning by constantly repeating correct Englishsentecnes.nguage laboratory语言实验室→ A classroom equipped with tape recorders and acontrol desk for the teacher.municative approach交际法| 交际教学法| 沟通式教学法| 传意形式的教学法→A view of ELT that puts first understanding and being understood by another person.D.Error analysis →Teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and usefulto teachers.E.English for Specific Purposes →Courses designed to match the future work of andneeds of groups of leaners, very often groups with different occupations.39. ESL → English as a Second LanguageEFL → English as a Foreign LanguageL1 → English as a mother tongue见p314 表格40. New Standards → P315-31641. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. → P31842. Interlanguage语际语/中间语言/中介语/人工辅助语言→The languages of learners whohave only partial control of a language.Intro-national and International use →The difference between the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world. P32143. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and StandardEnglish:Advantages →A.They are easier and quicker to learn(so more learners will succeed)B.There are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no commonlanguage.C.Only a minority of people need a language for international use.Disadvantages→A.Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally.B.If they are use intenationally, they don’t do justice to the user or his ideas.C.Local Standards are emerging and changing, so there may not be enough suitableteachers, or teaching materials. P322-32345. Mono-lingual and Multi-lingual Societies → P34646. Opportunity cost →All learning is associated with an opportunity cost. Language learningrepresents a big investment of time and effort by individuals and by thesociety of which they are part.47. Shrinking world → P361-36248. Around the World in Eighty Days → Jules V erne (P362)49. Tower of Babel巴别塔| 通天塔| 巴比塔| 巴贝尔塔→ P365-36650. Cultural Imperialism文化帝国主义→ P38251. Proficient in English →Information about English → P394Support and reinforce each other → P407。