Unit One✧raw: adj. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzedThe event took place on a raw February morning.Raw materials are the natural substances from which industrial products are made.✧Launch: vt.1)startBeginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets.2) send (sth.) on its courseOn October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the world’s first artificial satellite, called Sputnik.Collocation:launch an attacklaunch a massive campaign 发动一场大规模的运动launch a company 开一家公司launch threats at sb.launch into （积极有力地）开始launch out （精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始He launched into a long speech about the danger of taking drugs.She wants to be more than a singer and is launching out into films.✧campaign: n. a series of military operations or planned activities with a particularaimThe government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.✧efficient: adj. working well, quickly and without wasteTo cut back on fossil fuels, we should build more efficient cars.It is not efficient to hire poorly trained workers.✧conquest: n. conquering, defeatThe year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.✧retreat: v. move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficultyAfter a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward.retreat 的反义词是advance，例如：to advance against (on, to, toward) 朝…前进to retreat from 从…撤退to retreat to 撤退到✧engage: vt.1) begin fighting with sb.The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately.2) draw into; involveWe tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain.3) attract sb.’s interestHis good nature engages everyone.他善良的性情吸引每个人。
4) occupyStudying engages most of a serious student’s time.Pattern: engage (sb.) in sth.: (cause to) take part in sth.They are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations.Collocation:engage as 使聘为…engage in 从事；使参加engage with 与…啮合✧be faced with: have to deal withThe librarians were faced with the huge task of listing all the books.✧crucial: adj. very important (followed by to)Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery.CF: crucial, critical & decisive这三个词都是形容词，都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要的”之意。
crucial 意为“决定性的、极重要的”，指对关键性事物不断增长的缺乏或需求，紧急情况或危急转折关头。
critical 意为“决定性的”，与crucial相似，但表示对缺乏程度更精确的估计。
在转折关头时比crucial表现出更大的严重性。
decisive 意思是“决定性的、果断的”，具有重要、特殊或决定性效果。
例如：Our air forces were decisive in winning the war.✧take a gamble: take a riskThe company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.✧press on/ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way(used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.))Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.✧bide one’s time: wait patiently for a chanceHis political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies.✧minus: prep. below zero; made less by; slightly lower than the mark statedTomorrow’s temperature wi ll be as low as minus ten degrees Centigrade.20 minus 10 is 10.I got B minus in the final examination.1)minus 的反义词是plus（加上）。
例如：3 plus 6 is 9.2)minus 还可以作形容词，意为“负的；减去的”。
例如：a minus quantity 负数；minus electricity 负电。
此外，minus还可用作名词，意为“负号，减号；负数”。
3)drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously✧drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediouslyHow much longer is the meeting going to drag on?✧at the cost of: with the loss ofThe local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment.Collocation:At any cost:不惜任何代价At all costs:不惜一切代价At no cost:不需花代价✧Limp:1. vi. walk with difficulty, esp. when one foot or leg is hurtHe limped off the football field.2. adj. lacking or having lost rigidity, as of structure orsubstance; lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritlessa limp handshake无力的握手limp opposition微弱的反抗✧catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surpriseThe invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.✧Instruct: vt.1) give orders or directions to (sb.)The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation.Pattern: instruct sb. to do sth.instruct sb. that2) teach (sb.)They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.Pattern: instruct sb. in/on sth.CF: instruct, direct & order这几个词都是动词，都有“吩咐、命令”之意。
instruct 指向人下命令或指示、指导等，还可指交待。
例如：He was instructed to represent the Government.direct 一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等，对采取的行动有准确说明。
例如：The owners directed that the factory be closed.order 是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。
例如：He ordered the enemy to lay down their arms.✧render: vt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition (same as make)The drug will render the tiger harmless for up to two hours.Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.Collocation:Render into:译成(某种语言)Render up:做(祷告); 放弃, 交出Render blow for blow:以牙还牙Render good for evil:以德报怨✧casualty: n. a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accidentThe precise number of casualties in yesterday’s bomb explosion is not known.✧offensive:1. n. aggressive action, attackThe Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion.Collocation:launch/mount an offensive 发动进攻carry out/undertake an offensive 进攻on the offensive处于攻势assume/go on/go over/take the offensive进攻，采取攻势If all else fails, I’ll go over to the offensive.如果其他方法都失败，那我将采取攻势。