& =1−
&
,.
,.
,.
“
,- = %P = >F !"P = 9"!" “
,. = ,/ + & i & = &H + &I? + &# + &" + &J + &∆ ,/ = %/P
3C> B
% %!
!
; = ,/ = ,. −
& =1−
&
,.
,.
,.
)=
! = !" = 0
9K = −!"B" + $" = $" = >? )
○&J
○&∆ “
% = >F !" &*
>F = 2G(
&# = 9#!# = !#/B# &" = !"/B" &J = 2∆DE!"
,- = %P = >F !"P = 9"!"
“ ,. = ,/ + &
i & = &H + &I? + &# + &" + &J + &∆ ,/ = 9!
; = ,/ = ,. −
9 = $" + !"B"
Z
9d
)d
t$" = >? )x $" Z$"
!"
!" ′
x
!"Y
=
9
− Z$" B"
%, i W x
%′ = >FZ !"′
>FZ !"Y = >F !"
!"YY
=
!" Z
$"′′ = 9 − !"′′B"
[YY = \]′′ = ^ − _]′′`] \]′ abcd[
!
!. x
!.*. + !/*/ = !H*. ≈ !K*. “
!H e
!.w
!H
d BH + jkH
r
i
h
b ! s ! %!
! es ○
! ΦH
b “
“
!.
≈
!.w
=
−
!/ u
u = $. = *. ≈ 9. ≈ !/ $/ */ 9/ !.
“
$. $.h !.B.
9. = −$. + !.i.
F0F%
0%
. .%
.
3! %!
!
“
i i
i i
b“ i “
“ 9. = −$. + !.i.h = −$. + !. B + jk.h !
“ $/E = !/i/hE!
L/
=
&(). − 60
))
=
). − ).
)
∙
&). 60
=
πL.!
$/E = 4.44L/*/Φ.u¢/ = 4.44πL.*.Φ.u¢/! E /%
ah
ST
z
i
i
○
&rs. = !./B.,7777&rs/ = !/Y/B/7
&I? = !H/ BH
p. = 9.!.
p/ = 9/′!/′7 s
pH = $.!. = $.′!.′ = $/!/7
t$/Y = $. = −j4.44L*.ΦH x
$/Y
ΦH
7
á′—
/
7n/ =
!/Y , $.
= (àâä() k/h′ + kw7 B/′ + Bw
“
1 %= ∙
Ω
B.
+
B/Y π
39./
B/Y π
/
!
+ k.h + k/h′ /
T f(s)
c
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
s
i
n=0 s=1
Sm⟶0 c Φ
T<TST
v-
=
%H"« ! %8
8 !’
s=f(P2) T2=f(P2) I1=f(P2) ;=f(P2) !
n = 0N
Ff
Ff
°w
bd
Fa
Ia t E0 — n = 90N
Fa e
Ff %
Ia t E0 — n = −90N
%
%!
ô
′
Gö ô=
2&
!
—
— &×360° —
!
ú
“
ã
ep )
ô = i. 2&
— 360N —
h
— &×
—
ú=
i.
ô =
2&o o
&×360N ã=
i. )
h ta —
b
h
aΩ
%! a Ω
c
h
h
t&
(
%
&
!Ω
t
)a
%! a
h
bc h
ht
t
p>
%
t
120° %E c
!a tΩ
3C> B %%
%h
$ = 4.44L.*/Φ.u¢/!
$/E = π! $/hE
k/hE = 2GL/∫/h = πk/! i/hE = B/ + jπk/h!
!/
=
$/E i/hE
=
B/
π$/ ! + jπk/h
4!
“
—
“
!/ =
π$/
!
B// + πk/h /
)/ = π). − )!
5! %!
g. + g/ = gH!
óp8
óp8 cos m/ cos m/ + &I? +
ó/&q8
○ td ○
a
a
i
s
°
s
i
a %!
%
$"J
!
s
òUez(
、
$ÉÑ
S
T
i i
nòUez(
òUez(
S
) !
S
T
òUez(
a
x
d
%! >! ! ! A!
!
p
°
d
i
!t
=
9.
1 uÉ
−
1 uÑ
iqÉ + iqÑ
i $"J $ÉÑ
、 T
3C> B %
⟺ ,/ = ,. − ∑&!
; = ,/ =
∑& 1−
!
,.
,.
%/ = % − %K = % − %H − %∆!
% = ,-! Ω
—
Ω.
=
2G). 60
=
2GL.! &
% = >-Φ.!/′ cos m/!
>-
=
3×4.44&*.u¢.! 2G
cos m/ =
B/Y
π
!
B/Y π
/
+ k/h′/
m. = !., 9. “
^å = −\å + _å`å + _åçå
^éU
+
U
_é`é
+
U
è_éçé
=
\éU
_å + _é = _ê
)!
s
<
。dt
s
—
∆9 = 9/K − 9/ ×100% = 9/8 − 9/ ×100% = 9.8 − 9/′ ×100%
9/8
9/8
9.8
!
d
Ω°
e
Ω°
Ω°
9.8T
! “
9/ = $/
u = $. = *. ≈ 9. $/ */ 9/
“
1 v=
9ÉÑ + 9rÉ + 9Ñr
3 9"J 9Ö" 9JÖ
!
d
s
iB. + jk.h
d
t
)!
ΦHz
$.z
−$. = !HBH + j!HkH = !HiH
BH
○
zr
kH
”
H
! %!
“
“ “
g. + g/ = gH ≈ gK
!/Y
=
$/Y i/′ +
7 iw ′
x
!/Y
s
“ 9/ = $/ − !/i/
s
!H !.
9/′ + !/B/Y + j!/k/Y = $/′7
s
m/
m/ = !/Y , 9/′ 7
ΦH ã —
!H
“
!. + !/ = !H
“
9. = −$. + !.i.
h