Images of the human body are derived from the interaction of energy with human tissue. The ener gy can be in the form of radiation, magnetic or electric fields, or acoustic energy. The energy usual ly interacts at the molecular or atomic levels, so a clear understanding of the structure of the atom is necessary. In addition to understanding the physics of the atom, learning imaging jargon is also necessary. For example人体的图像来自能源与人类之间的相互作用的组织。
能量可以以辐射的形式,磁场或电场,或声波能量,能量通常在分子或原子水平相互作用,所以清楚地了解原子的结构是必要的。
除了了解原子的物理,学习成像术语也是必要的。
例如:• Tomography: a cross-sectional image formed from a set of projection images. The Greek word t omo means cut.•断层扫描:横断面图像由一组投影图像。
希腊语tomo意味着削减。
• CT: Computed (or Computerized) Tomography•CT:(或计算机)计算层析成象技术• MR, or MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This was first called nuclear magnetic resonance (N MR), but the mention of anything nuclear scared patients, so the “N” was dropped.•先生,或MRI:磁共振成像,这是第一次被称为核磁共振(NMR),但提到任何核害怕病人,所以“N”掉了。
• PET[1]: Positron Emission Tomography. Understanding this phenomenon requires acceptance of the theory that there is antimatter in the universe, and when antimatter meets matter, then both kin ds of matter are annihilated, and pure energy is formed.•宠物[1]:正电子发射断层扫描,理解这种现象需要接受的理论,宇宙中有反物质,反物质与物质,这两种物质是湮灭,纯粹的能量就形成了。
• SPECT[2]: Single Photon Emission Tomography • Ultrasound: Sonar in the body•SPECT[2]:单光子发射断层扫描•超声波:声纳• OCT: Optical Coherent Tomography – the use of infrared light to image (particularity) the wall s of an art•10月:光学相干断层扫描,使用红外线图像(特殊性)动脉的城墙A modality is a method for acquiring an image. MR, CT, etc. are all imaging modalities. Modalitie s are sometimes categorized based on the amount of energy applied to the body. For example, the X-ray modality produces energy that is sufficient to ionize atoms (i.e., eject an electron from an or bit of an atom, thereby creating a positively charged ion that damages human tissue). The modaliti es that cause ionizing radiation are X-rays, CT, SPECT, and PET. Non-ionizing modalities include MR and ultrasound. 形态是一个方法获取图像。
先生,CT,等等都是成像模式。
模式有时被分类基础上的能量应用到身体。
例如,x射线形态产生的能量足以电离原子(即,逐出一个电子从一个原子的轨道,从而创建一个带正电的离子,损害人体组织)。
引起电离辐射x射线的形式,CT,SPECT和PET。
非电离形式包括先生和超声波。
Lesson 8 Basic Knowledge on X-rays in Medical RadiologyPart 1 X-RAYSThe discovery and nature of X-raysX-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen[1] in 1895. They are often called ‘roentgen rays’ (particularly in the USA). They are emitted from the positive electrode in an electrical disc harge tube through which a current is passing. One of their first applications was in the ‘medical ’ field: Röntgen made a radiograph of his wife’s hand showing the soft tissue and bone structure and the great radiopacity of the wedding ring. Th e properties of X-rays that are of significance in medical radiology are: (1) they penetrate matter to a greater or lesser degree; (2) they produce ionization and excitation in the atoms of matter; (3) they produce fluorescence and hence visible light from certain materials; (4) they affect photographi c emulsions[2]; and (5) they produce biological effects in living tissues.x射线的发现和性质x射线是由威廉·康拉德·伦琴发现[1]1895年。
他们通常被称为“伦琴射线”(特别是在美国)。
它们发出正极的放电管,通过它的电流通过。
他们的第一个应用程序是在医学的领域:伦琴射线照片了妻子的手显示软组织和骨骼结构和大辐射不能透过的结婚戒指。
x射线的特性在医学放射学的意义是:(1)他们穿透物质或多或少;(2)产生电离和激发的原子物质;(3)产生荧光,因此可见光从某些材料;(4)他们影响感光乳剂[2];(5)他们在生活组织产生生物效应。
When a beam of X-rays from an X-ray tube falls on a patient, interactions take place between ener gy and matter, and part of the energy is removed from the beam either by absorption or by scatteri ng. The energy remaining in the beam that emerges unmodified from the patient carries informatio n about the internal structures of the body in the form of a distribution of intensity perpendicular t o the beam axis. This distribution in any given plane may be called the X-ray image, and the proce ss may be called X-ray image formation. 当一束x射线从落在一个x线管病人,能量和物质之间的相互作用发生,能量从光束的一部分通过吸收或散射。
剩余的能量产生的光束从病人携带的信息修改的内部结构体的形式分布的强度垂直于声束轴线。
这在任何给定平面分布可能所谓的x射线图像,这个过程可以称为x射线成像。
Part 2 The production of X-rays: X-ray spectraThis creates a crucial difficulty for the X-ray tube designer, who must ensure that the heat is remo ved from the bombarded area (the focal area) of the target sufficiently fast to ensure that the focal area does not become excessively hot and therefore deteriorate or even melt. This is done in sever al ways, of which two are important in diagnostic radiology and are shown in figure 1.2. First, the target is made in the form of a disc (with a beveled edge) which is caused to rotate whenever X-ra y emission is required; thus the heat is spread out over the periphery of the disc from which it is m ainly radiated but partially conducted away.这将创建一个至关重要的困难x射线管的设计师,他们必须确保热量从轰炸区(焦区)中删除目标足够快,以确保核心地带不会变得过于热,因此恶化,甚至融化。