第二章 字组的分类给字组分类的过程也是学习了解字组的过程。
前面已经说过,基于七十多个字组的识记单词方式,远比基于二十六个字母的识记单词方式速度快、效率高、记忆时间长,所以要深入了解字组,熟练识别字组,养成以字组为单位来识记英语单词的好习惯。
英语字组表 元音字母: a e i/y o u 元音字组: ar er ir or ur are ere ire ore ure ai/ay air al au/aw ea ear ee eer ei/ey eu/ew ie oa oar/oor oi/oy oo ou/ow our ui辅音字母: b c d f g h j- k l m n p q r- s t v w- x y- z 辅音字组: ch -ck -dge dr- -ds gh gu- -gue kn- -mn -ng ph qu- -que sh -tch th tr- -ts wh- wr- 。
如 th 就叫 th[ti:e t ] 字母组合,th 的字组音通常读 [] 音;ar 就叫 ar[e:] 字母组合,在重读音节里其字组音为 [:] 音。
由单个元音字母构成的字组,有时字组名和字组音是一样的,如:lake 一词中的字组 a ,其名称和读音都是 [e ]。
注:字组前面带横线表示出现在音节的未尾,字组后面带横线表示出现在音节的开头。
第四章 音节metre theatre cadre 等词的拼写形式有利于音节划分,dr tr 通常出现在音节的开头处,me-tre thea-tre ca-dre 根据音节划分的结果,就知道前面的元字组应该读长音。
A syllable is part of a word that contains one vowel sound; it may also contain one or more consonant sounds. In general, the number of vowels in the word determines the number of syllables.注:nation 中的io 不是一个字组,虽然只发一个音素[],但在计算音节数目时算两个音节。
还有一种音节不含有元音,[m]、[n]、[l]、[]是发音较为响亮的辅音,他们可以和别的辅音结合成不含元音的音节,这种音节叫成音节。
有几个发音很响亮的辅音,如 [l] [m] [n],在后面没有元音的情况下也可以和它前面的辅音构成一个音节,可称“成节辅音”。
例如:table Marxism seven appleIn a word like “bottle ”, the weak syllable contains no vowel at all, but consists entirely of the consonants. We call this a syllabic consonant.发音响亮的辅音[l] [m] [n] 可以和前面的辅音构成成音节。
(规则编号0-01) apple 苹果 double 两倍eleven 十一rhythm 韵律seven 七 table 桌子trouble 麻烦字 组元字组元音字母元音字组辅字组辅音字母辅音字组音节的划分①在重读和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时,一个辅字组属于前面的音节,一个属于后面的音节。
例如: let-ter mem-ber chil-dren daugh-ter mas-ter prac-tice doc-tor有时辅音字母连缀(bl cl- fl- gl- pl- br- cr- fr- gr- pr-)被看作一个整体,划分音节时可以不被分开,如:se-cret Ne-gro fra-grant ze-bra以上例词中,字母连缀前的一个音节里的元字组发长音。
如果字母连缀前的一个音节里的元字组发短音,字母连缀又会被分开。
在重读和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时,一个辅字组属于前面的音节,一个属于后面的音节。
(规则编号0-02a)②在重读和非重读音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组时,如果前面重读音节里的元音是长音(长元音和双元音)则辅字组属于后面一个音节,如果重读音节里的元音是短音(短元音),则辅字组属于重读音节。
例如: 长音 paper fa-ther ze-ro mo-tor Si-mon stu-dent fea-ture e-ven 短音cap-italmoth-erver-ymod-elLil-ystud-yfeath-ersev-en在两个音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组有时还会有两种划分音节方式。
如:yogurt(yo-gurt ,yog-urt)。
一些新产生的词的读音统一也需要一个过程,如:basic(ba-sic ,bas-ic)。
观察下列单词音节的划分方式eleven → e lev-en seven → sev-en enemy → en-e-my baby → ba-by heavy → heav-yharmony → har-mo-ny elephant → el-e-phant moment → mo-ment holiday → hol-i-day body → bod-y level → lev-el Saturday → Sat-ur-day注:island Tuesday Thursday 三个词中的s 起连结作用,划分到前一个音节中去。
重读音节和非重读音节(前重后轻)的相邻处只有一个辅字组,前面音节里的元音是长元音,辅字组属于后面一个音节。
(规则编号0-02b)Famous feature meter morning movie music party radio reason water fa-mous fea-ture me-ter mor-ning mo-viemu-sic par-ty ra-di-o rea-son wa-ter重读音节和非重读音节(前重后轻)的相邻处,前面一个音节里的元音是短元音,辅字组属于前面一个音节(规则编号0-02c)Elephant televen feather melon pleasant salad salary second sugar telephone woman el-e-phant e lev-en feath-er mel-on pleas-antsal-ad sal-a-ry sec-ond sug-ar tel-e-phonewom-an④非重读音节与非重读音节之间只有一个辅字组时,通常要使辅音处于音节开头的位置,就象汉字的读音一样,辅音开头,元音结尾。
单词音节的划分的问题是个麻烦问题,不能奢望仅仅从单词的拼写形式来判断音节的划分方式,有时还要根据词的读音来划分音节。
无论是根据词形判断词的读音,还是根据词的读音来划分音节,都可以帮助学者建立单词音形之间的对应关系,从而达到牢记单词的目的。
划分音节时不能把字组拆分到两个音节中去(chil-dren);br pr bl cr pl sp st 等辅音连缀有时要当作字组来对待,即具有不可分割性,se-cret sa-cret mar-ble ta-ble ma-ple de-spise oy-ster ;在某些字典上trouble(troub-le)一词的音节干脆就不划分了,library(li-bra-ry)i发长音,br属于后面的音节。
有时又要考虑到词的来源或其他原因而不被当作字组来对待(ward-room Feb-ru-ar-y sec-re-tary)。
凡事都有例外,字组tr有被拆到不同音节里的现象,如:pediatrics →pe-di-at-rics。
celebrate(cel-e-brate) pomelo(pom-e-lo)lis-ten cous-in spec-ial 里面的s和c与辅音字母构成成音节,划分音节时被划到前一个音节里。
How to divide a word when writing or typingWhen writing or typing it is sometimes neccessary to divide a word at the end of the line because there is not enough space for the complete word. This division is always shown by adding a hyphen(-) immediately after the first part of the divided word at the end of the line. Many people prefer not to divide words at all (especially when writing by hand), but if you do, here are three considerations to help you.1. By syllable This means dividing the word into syllables or units of sound. For example, the word kind has one syllable, kind·ly has tow, un·kind·ly has three and un·kind·li·ness has four.2. By structure This means dividing the word into the smaller units of meaning such as anti-, dis-, un-, ect(as in anti·sep·tic, dis·ap·pear, un·able) or an ending(a suffix) such as -age, -able, -fully(as in post·age, agree·able, grate·fully).3. By meaning This means deciding whether each part of the divided word can be understood or spoken so that the complete word is easily recongnised from the two parts. For example, it may be a compound word made up of two different words, such as spot and light in spot·light.All three considerations must be used to decide whether and where you can divide a word. Here are six useful rules to help you:1. Never divide a word within a syllable.2. Never divide an ending (a suffix) of two syllables such as -able, -ably, -fully.3. With the exception of -ly, never divide a word so that an ending of two letters such as -ed, -er, -ic begins the next line.4. Never divide a word so that one of the parts is a single letter.5. Never divide a word of one syllable.6. Never divide a word of less than five letters.Adapted from OXFORD ADV ANCED LEARNER´S DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH第五章字组的不可分割性和字母一样,字组也具有不可分割性。