八年级下时态总结：过去进行时1.过去进行时的构成过去进行时由was/were+doing构成2.过去进行时的用法1）表示过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行的动作。
常和表示过去的时间状语then，at that time，this time yesterday，at ten yesterday等连用，或用另一动作来表示过去的时间。
如：--What were you doing at nine last night?--I was watching TV at that time.He was reading when I came in.I was doing my homework while my parents were watching TV.2）过去进行时常和always等表频率的副词连用，表示过去频繁发生的习惯性动作，此时的过去进行时带有一定的感情色彩。
如：Alice was always changing her mind.3.一般过去时和过去进行时的区别一般来说，如果强调过去某个时候或某段时间曾有过某个（已完成的）动作时应用一般过去时；而如果强调动作在过去某个时候或某段时间内正在进行（是否完成不明确）时则用过去进行时。
练习：Part 1 用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1.–What _____ you ______(do) at that time?--We __________(watch) TV.2. I _________(have) my breakfast at half past six yesterday.3. While we __________(wait) for the bus, a girl ________(run) up to us.4. I ___________(telephone) a friend when Bob ________(come) in.5. --_________ they ________(have) a meeting at 4 yesterday afternoon?--No, they ___________. They ________(clean) the classroom.现在完成时1.定义：表示现在动作已发生或状态已存在或过去的动作状态持续到现在，一般翻译成“已经”，“….过”3.用法：1.表示过去已经发生但对现在情况有影响的动作，常与already, never, up to now, in thelast…years, yet（多用于否定句）, just, before等词连用。
He has gone to Beijing. (表示他不在这里。
)2.表示过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与since, for等连用。
We have not seen each other for ten years. (没见面的动作从十年前持续到现在。
)3.表示到现在为止，动作发生的状况，如：次数等。
I’ve been to Shanghai three times.辨析：Already: 多用于肯定句中，在用于疑问句中时，表示疑惑，惊讶或出乎意料。
Just：表示“刚”，一般放在谓语动词之前，表示刚刚完成的动作。
Since：意为“自…以来”，后可接表示起点时间的单词，也可接一个时间状语从句，多用于完成时态。
Since表示持续到现在，用于完成时；after只表示在某一时刻之后，用于过去时。
只有在It is … since这样的句子结构中，主句的谓语才可用一般现在时，一般过去时或现在完成时。
It is ten years since I saw you last time.现在完成时还可以与“包括现在在内的”表示一段时间的状语连用，表示到说话时动作仍未结束。
如：today, this morning (afternoon, evening, week, month, year..), these days等。
表示非延续性动作的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
常见的这类动词有：appear, begin, borrow, buy, close, die, fall, find, finish, join, kill, leave, lend, lose, sell, start, stop等。
have been to、have gone to 和have been in的区别1）have been to “去过某地”,强调说话以前的动作发生过或延续到现在2）have gone to “已去某地”, 强调人已经离开，不在说话现场。
3）have been in “已在某地（待了多久）”, 若该地方为小地方，则用at代替in，若后面是there，here等时间副词，则have been后面不需要介词现在完成时练习：1. How long have you _______ here?A. comeB. gotC. arrivedD. been2. My grandpa died _________.A. at the age of my 2B. for 2 yearsC. when I was 2.D. my age was 6.3. Jane has _____ to Beijing. She will come back tomorrow.A. beenB. goneC. wentD. never been4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.A. afterB. sinceC. forD. that5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry?--I will. I _____ her several times.A. metB. have metC. had metD. will meet6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it?--Just 2 weeks.A. will, buyB. did, buyC. are, havingD. have, had7.--Do you know Lydia very well?--Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young.A. have madeB. have becomeC. have beenD. have turned8. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.A. has livedB. livedC. have beenD. live9. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.A. has been toB. has gone toC. went toD. will go to10. --____ you ever ____ to the US?-- Yes, twice.A. Have, goneB. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going主将从现如果从句是由__if___ (如果)，____when__ (当)，____as soon as______ (一…就…) 引导的一般现在时的条件状语从句，主句要用一般将来时或用can, should等情态动词组成的句子。
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.When he grows up , he will be a doctor.As soon as I call him, he will pick me up.注意：宾语从句中的if与条件状语从句if的区别。
宾语从句中的if“是否”相当于whether，宾语从句通常位于主句之后。
引导宾语从句，时态需根据语境确定I don't know if it_______ (rain)tomorrow.练习：I __________ (see) this movie, and I __________ it last night.I ____________ (sleep) when the telephone __________ (ring) yesterday.If you __________ (go) to the party, you ___________ a good time.They ____________________ (watch) TV since 10 o’ clock. Look, they are still ______________ (watch) TV now.She ____________ (meet) Jay twice, and tomorrow she ______________ (meet) him again八年级下重点语法、句型直接引语与间接引语----宾语从句直接引语变间接引语的变化形式1.人称代词和指示代词的变化指示代词this 和these通常变为that和those 。
人称代词也要根据情况做适当调整。
从句中的第一人称多变为第三人称，第二人称根据情况改为第一人称或第三人称，第三人称不变。
例如：He said, “I came to help you.” 他说：“我是来帮助你的。
”→He said that he had come to help me. 他说他是来帮助我的。
2.时态的变化（1）引述动词如果用一般现在时或一般将来时，间接引语的时态不变。
（2）引述动词如果用一般过去时，间接引语的时态要变成相应的过去时态的一种。
具体变化如下：一般现在时→一般过去时一般过去时→过去完成时一般将来时→过去将来时现在进行时→过去进行时现在完成时→过去完成时（1）含有情态动词的直接引语变成间接引语是，情态动词也要相应地变成过去时态。
（2）若直接引语为客观真理或自然规律，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
（3）有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
3.时间状语的变化now → then last month → the month beforetoday → that day three days ago → three days beforetonight → that night tomorrow → the next daythis week → that week next month → the next monthyesterday → the day before the day after tomorrow → in two days4.地点状语的变化here → there5.谓语动词的变化come → go直接引语变为间接引语的情况1.直接引语为陈述句（1）将直接引语变为由that 引导的宾语从句，接在谓语动词之后（that 可以省略）。