Unit 4动词的ing形式作表语，定语，宾补和状语一、动词-ing形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her jobHis hobby is painting. = Painting is his job.2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词），作表语用的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。

常见的有：astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising, puzzling, exciting等（这类分词表示“令人….的”含义）。

如：The problem is quite puzzling.The news sounds encouraging.二、动词-ing形式作定语1.单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。

①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。

a reading room = a room which is used for readingrunning shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法reading material 阅读材料No one is allowed to speak loud in the reading room.There is a swimming pool in our school.②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。

（注意动名词作定语说明被修饰词作用意义；现在分词做定语说明被修饰词正在做什么）developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题sleeping child 熟睡的孩子walking stick 手杖living room 起居室running water 自来水2.作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。

They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south)他们住在一所朝南的房子里。

Do you know the boy playing basket?（=Who is playing basket)你认识在打篮球的那个小男孩吗？The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle正在访问日本的那个男人是我的叔叔。

In the following years he worked even hard.在接下来的几年中，他工作更努力了。

The man talking to(=the man who is talking to) the teacher is our monitor’s father.正在与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

三、动词-ing形式作宾补1、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。

When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.2、当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。

They found the film very exciting.= The film is found very exciting.3、能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1) 表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词，（常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, catch, listen to等）+ sb + doing sth（作宾补）I felt somebody standing behind me.I caught a stranger sliding into the manager’s office.2) 表示指使意义的动词使役动词，（常见的有have, set, keep, get, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾补）We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。

I won‘t have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。

This sets me thinking.You shouldn’t keep your lights burning in the day.4、see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式(省to)作宾语补足语的区别：We heard the telephone ring.We heard the telephone ringing.前者表示动作正在进行，后者表示（或强调）动作的全过程。

四、动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等,相当于相对应的状语从句。

动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。

1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。

（有时可在动词-ing前加一个表时间的连词，如when, while等）Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。

(= After we have made full preparations...)Hearing the news, they jumped with great joy.Having finished his homework, Henry went home. (= After having finished his homework/After he had finished his homework, Herny went home.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。

Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。

(= Since he was ill...)Being poor, he couldn’t afford a TV set.( =As he was poor, he couldn’t afford a TV set.)Not knowing his phone number, we couldn’t get in touch with him. (= Because we didn’t know his phone number,we couldn’t get in touch with him.)3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。

His father died, leaving him a lot of money.= and left him a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.European football is played in 80 countries, making is the most popular sport in the world.(= European football is played in 80 countries; as a result, it becomes the most popular sport in the world.)4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。

Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。

Using your head, you’ll find a good way. (= If you use your head, you’ll find a good way.)Driving too fast, you’ll damage the car. (=If you drive too fast, you’ll damage the car)5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。

Although toiling all the year round (=Although he was toiling all theyear round), the poor peasant couldn't afford to send his children to school.这位贫苦的农民，尽管终年劳累，还是无力送孩子上学。

Weighing almost one hundred jin (=Though it weighed almost one hundred jin), the box was lifted by him with one hand.6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。

He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= ...and stared at the sky for a long time他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。

The six blind men stood all day long by the roadside, begging for money(=they were begging for money).这六个盲人整天站在路边乞讨。