Ⅰ.Definition Ⅱ.Rhetorical effects
Ⅲ.metonymy & metaphor
Ⅳ. Common usage Ⅴ. Form and function
Definitiy the name of something else that is closely connected with it. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary第七 版)
A: Names of persons: 1.Johnson Bull: England, or the English people. 2.Uncle Sam: The United States of America. 3.Ivan: the Russian people. 4.John Doe: ordinary American citizen. B: Animals: 1.British Lion: England or the English government. 2. the bear: The former Soviet union or the Soviet government’
the power in the parliament ; “purse”代替the money in the purse.
10.用人体部位或器官指代人的品质，才能，特征
等。
e.g. If there is any bad blood in his mind, he will be sure to show it.
“借”华尔街“代”美国各金融机构，通过 简练的语言传递着局势紧迫的信息.
6. 地点代替已发事件: Let’s not let Thailand become another Vietnam.
借越南之名代战争场所之意 无疑起到了触目惊心的警示作用。
7. 抽象事物代替具体事物: Frank’s Mr. Hyde was a charmer, but Dr. Jekyll was frightening, truly frightening. 此处作者借Mr. Hyde 和Dr. Jekyll
这两个具体的小说人物指代其典型性格特征,前 者性情随和，后者性情暴躁.
8. 具体事物代替抽象事物: Soap and education are not as sudden as a massacre, but they are made deadly in the long run. soap 指代沐浴，讲卫生，而education 则指上 学读书，接受教育.
Form and function
1.以事物的特征代替事物本身.
Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons. 铜纽扣是美国警察制服的一个明显特征,因此 常用来代替警察。 2. 作者或生产者代替作品或产品: the second year we began mainly to attack Homer. 荷马是公元前十世纪前后的古希腊盲诗人,这里
4. 物体代替相关的人物: The sax has got the flu today. 本句意为：The one who plays the sax has got the flu today.通过借代的使用无疑使语言
达到了简明、突显之目的。
5. 机构所在地代替机构本身: The Wall Street is in a panic.
中文定义：一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或 词组替换的修辞方法； 反映两类现实现象之间存在着某种 相关关系的比喻，这种相关在人们的心目中经常出现而固 定化，因而可以用指称甲类现象的词去指称乙类现象。
Rhetorical effects
The proper use of metonymy may avoid improper repetition to achieve elegance, brighten the expression, and trigger reader' imagination and impress them.
13.以产地，发明者或者作者代替产品或作品。
1、 We had to carry bottles of very expensive cologne and we constantly sprayed him down .
我们不得不带上几瓶非常昂贵的科隆香水，并不断地把 他彻底喷得香喷喷的。
2、Champagne used to be drunk only by the rich , but now a lot of people occasionally drink it.
1、The bright death quivered at the victim’s throat.
明晃晃的刀在受害者的脖子上颤动了一下。
以死亡bright death 代替 sharp knife ,因为刀 是导致死亡的原因。
2、There is death in liquor.
这种溶剂能置人于死地。
香槟酒过去只有有钱的人才喝，现在许多人偶尔也尝一 下。 Champagne是法国东部一地区，所产葡萄酒闻名于世， 通常称香槟酒。以”法国香槟产地“Champagne代替
an expensive French white wine.
14.以所在地代替人物、事物、机构、组织 1、The wall Street definitively has more say in their policy making.
围绕国会议员进行商界游说的人士，正在密切 注意所谓的”家庭与病假法案“。 Capital Hill 原是古罗马七山之一，Jupiter神殿 所在地，元老院议政决策的集合场所。县借代 美国国会和抽象的美国权力机构。此处Capital Hill 指”国会议员“为了阻挠该议案的通过， 该方雇人游说议员。
15.用原因代结果，以结果代原因
借诗人之名代其作品表明其学业的深度
3. 操纵者代替被操纵者: It was a great pity that Ozawa gave a terrible concert last night . Ozawa 是交响乐队的指挥，而指挥是乐团的灵 魂。因此，借Ozawa 之名代他所指挥的交响乐
队的全部演出，使其主要责任人一目了然，令人 无不感到惋惜。
• 9.用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西 e.g. Who holds the purse rules the house.
有钱就有势。 这里的房子不是一般意义的“房子” （house）， 而是美国国会的参众两院the House of Representatives和 the Senate.以“房子”代替
C: Parts of the body 1.heart: feelings or emotions head, 2.brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason e.g. Her heart ruled her head. Use your brains. 3.gray hair: old age D: Professions: 1.the bar: the legal profession; e.g. He has been called to the bar. 2.the bench：position (office) of judge or magistrate; e.g. He has been appointed to the bench.
如果这个人心里有所怀恨的话，他一定会流露出来。 以 “血液”(blood)代替unpleasant
feeling ;temper.
11.用资料，工具代替事务的名称
e.g. He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown.
他选择了当兵，而没有继续求学深造。 分别以“枪”（gun）指代career of being a soldier,以“方顶帽和黑长袍”（cap and gown,) 指代“高等教育”（higher learning ）.
2.His elder sister went on the stage ;the younger one had taken the veil.
他姐姐当了演员，而他的妹妹却做了修女。 以“舞台”（stage）代替career of being an actress；以头巾，面纱(veil)代nun。作者以简 洁的方式表达了姐妹俩所选的不同人生道路。
华尔街在政府制定国策中肯定有着重要的 发言权。 以世界第一大金融中心的所在地华尔街 （ wall Street ）指代美国”金融界，金融 市场，大财团“。华尔街一词成了美国金融 垄断资本的代名词。
2、Business lobbyists on capital Hill are keeping close tabs on what is known is the Family and Medical Leave Act.
12.用典型实物代替职业或从事该职业的人
1.Bob was promoted from the gray-collar to the white-collar in the shortest time . Bob 在不长的时间内就从灰领提升到白领 。
人们以着装特征来表示不同的职业阶层，以 “灰领” (gray-collar)指代 western workers carrying out maintenance work (在西方社会从 事维修的工人)；以“白领”（white-collar） 指代 office workers (从事文秘级实物方面工作 的雇员)。
Death指代的是poison,毒药是导致死亡的原因。