第一章经济与改革A hedge against inflation 防止通货膨胀的措施A prudent monetary policy稳健的货币政策Absolute advantage 绝对优势Accounting 会计学账目清算财会Accountant 会计师Accounting fraud 作假账Accounting scandal 财务丑闻Bookkeeping 记账n.Financial statement 财务报表Keep the public informed of the financial affairs 财务公开Acquire V.购置获取购买取得所有权Acquisition 购置资产Active balance (passive balance/unfavorable balance) 顺差逆差Advanced technology 先进技术Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate supply 总需要Allocation of financial resources 金融资源配置Ample supply 供应充裕An average annual increase 年均增长Annual return 年利润Anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施Areas for the market access 市场准入领域Asset 资产Associate company (subsidiary/affiliate ) 联营公司子公司附属公司Autarchy n.自给自足；经济独立（政策地区国家）Authorization bill 授权书Bad loans 不良贷款Banking 银行业Investment bank 投资银行Goldman sachs 高盛Citibank 花旗银行HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) 汇丰银行Bank of America 美洲银行Deutsche Bank 德意志银行Bankruptcy protection 破产保护Block release 脱产进修Boom n. /v.（经济）突然膨胀Bottom line 账本底线底线Brand loyalty 对某个牌子的忠诚度Brand names 品牌Bretton Woods system 布雷顿森里体系Budget n. /v.预算Budget deficit预算赤字Budget surplus 预算盈余Budgetary items 预算项目Business cycle 商业周期Business fraud 商业欺诈Business mechanism 创业机制Business prototype 商业原型，商业模型Capital 资本Capital flow 资本流动Car loans 汽车贷款Cash bonus 现金奖励Cash flow 现金流量Cashier’s cheque 本票Central business district (CBD)中央商务区Certificated public accountant (CPA) 注册会计师Certified business executive 高级商务师Checks and balances 相互制约和平衡Collect call 对方付费电话Commerce clause 商业条款Commercialization 商品化Commodity 商品Common law 习惯法Concern [kən'sə:n] 公司商行康采恩（垄断组织）Corporate （股份有限）公司，企业Conglomerate 集团企业跨行业大企业Firm 公司尤指合股合伙公司Enterprise 企业公司事业Business 工商企业商务业务Establishment公司企业商业机构House商业机构出版公司Outfit 企业商业组织Venture ['ventʃə]（为盈利而进行的冒险的）企业Comparative advantage 相对优势Competition and comparison 竞争比较Competition mechanism 竞争机制Consumer s’ association消费者协会Consumer confidence 消费者信心Consumer expectations 消费预期Conventional industries 传统产业Core competitiveness 核心竞争力Cost-effectiveness 成本效益Cutting edge (have an edge on ) 优势（比……有优势）Dealer /jobber/broker n.经销商股票经纪人Deficit spending 赤字开支Deflation/ inflation 通货紧缩通货膨胀Demand curve 需求曲线Deposit n./v. 定金保证金Depreciation / appreciation 贬值增值Depression 萧条经济不景气的一段时间Designer clothing/jeans/sneakers 名牌服装牛仔裤运动鞋Devaluate V.（使）贬值Discount rate 贴现率折现率Distribution 流通分配Diversification of investment 投资多元化Double/triple/quadruple ['kwɔdrupl, kwɔ'dru:-] 两倍三倍四倍Economic aggregate 经济总量Economic and cultural exchanges 经济文化交流Economic belts 经济带Economic globalization 经济全球哈Economic growth 经济增长Economic leverage 经济杠杆作用Economic regulation 经济调节Economic returns 经济回报经济效益Economic zones 经济区Economical 节约的经济的Economics 经济学Economical ills 经济弊病Economic class 客机经济舱Effective Corp management 有效的公司管理Loose and tight management 张弛有度的管理A paragon of management virtue 管理功效的典范Consequence management 结果管理Transparency management 透明管理The two-tier management system 双层管理体制Top-down management自上而下的管理模式Make one’s own management decisions 自主经营Managerial and technical staff 管理技术人员Managerial expertise 管理知识Annexation and reorganization of enterprises 企业兼并重组rporate checks and balances 企业间的制衡Corporate culture 企业文化Cross-national corporation 跨国公司Multinational Corporation跨国公司Transnational Corporation跨国公司Earning growth 收益增长Entrepreneur 企业家Entrepreneurship 企业家身份（地位，职权，能力）Foreign-capital enterprise 外资企业Foreign invested venture外资企业Oversea-funded enterprises外资企业Enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 创业精神Individual initiative 个人主动性Initial capital 启动资金Listing of company 企业上市Traditional-bound business 受传统束缚的企业Transformation n.企业转型Registered capital 注册资本Equities 无固定利息的股票证券Federal Reserve System 联邦储备系统Federation 联邦Bullion market 金银买卖市场Discount market 贴现市场Equity market 股票市场Monopoly industriesService industry developing in all area 服务业全面发展textile industry 纺织产业The tertiary industry 第三产业Tourist industry 旅游业Industrialization 工业化Industries in straitened circumstances 困难行业Infrastructure 基础设施Insufficient demand 需求不足Interest cut 降息Interest group 利益集团Interest rate 利率International competitiveness 国际竞争力International settlement 国际结算Joint effort 共同努力Joint venture 合资企业Joint-stock system 股份制Labor intensive industries 劳动密集型产业Laffer curve拉费曲线Laissez-faire 放任政策Late charge 滞纳金Law of demand 需求定律Law of supply 供给定律Lawful business operations 合法经营Leasing 出租业务Legal person 法人Legitimacy 合理性，合法性Legitimate rights and interests正当权益Liability of fault 过失责任Limited liability Corporation 有限公司Liquidity 变现能力Listed companies 上市公司Logistics 物流Loss leader 为招揽顾客而削本出售的商品Loss leader strategy （商店）优惠策略M&A (merger & acquisition) 收购兼并Macroeconomic control 宏观调控Macroeconomics宏观经济学Make ends meet 收支平衡Marginal return 边际报酬Market diversification 市场多元化Market economy 市场经济Market intelligence 市场情报，市场调查Market saturation 市场饱和Market share 市场占有率Market supervision 市场监管Marketization 市场化Market-oriented employment mechanism 市场导向的基业机制Mass production 批量生产Mechanism 机制Merger 合并Merger and bankruptcy 兼并破产Merit 价值Microeconomics 微观经济学Modern distribution 现代流通Modern market economy 现代市场经济Modern market system 现代市场体系Modern services 现代服务业Monetary 货币的European monetary integration 欧洲货币一体化Convertible currency 可兑换货币Monetary policy 货币政策Monetary lever货币杠杆Monetization 货币化Monetization of public debt 公债货币化Withdrawal of currency from circulation 货币回笼Monopoly 垄断Multifunctionality 多功能性Multilateral trade negotiation 多边贸易谈判Old-age pension 养老保险制度Oligarchy 寡头政治Oligopoly 求过于供的市场情况On-the-job training 岗位培训Opportunity cost 机会成本Optimize (maximize/minimize) 优化/最大化/最小化Overheating 过热Paragon 规范典范Patent 专利Patent grant 专利许可Patent law 专利法规Pension 退休金Per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值Per capita income 人均收入Performance 业绩Performance-based salary system 基于业绩的工资制度Plunge/dip/down n./v. （价格）猛跌/小跌/下跌Political economy 政治经济Portfolio 投资组合Positioning定位Potential market 潜在市场Practical productive forces 现实生产力Primary productive forces 第一生产力Printing and packaging business 包装印刷业Private enterprise 私营企业Private sector私营部门Privatization [,praivətai'zeiʃən, -ti'z-] 私有化Prime rate 银行最低贷款利率Produce 农产品Productivity 生产力Promotion 促销Propaganda <贬义>宣传Proprietary intellectual property rights 自主知识产权Protectionism <贸易> 保护主义Public sector 公共部门Public services 公共服务Purchasing power 购买力QC quality check 质检QFII 合格的境外机构投资者Raffle v,/n. 抽奖售货Real economy 实体经济Recession 衰退Regime [rei'ʒi:m, ri-, ri'dʒi:m]政权机制Rent 租金Regional protectionism 地方保护主义Resources 资源Restructure 改组重组Retail gap 零售空间Saturation 饱和Sales volume 销售额Satellite town 卫星城Savings 储蓄Scale operation 规模经营Scarcity 缺乏Securities 政权Stock, bond, securities 股票债券证券Securities, options and futures 证券期权期货A share A股票B share B股票Bear market 熊市Bull market 牛市China’s securities regulatory commission 中国证监会Corporate bonds 企业债Day trading 当日交易Delisted company 被摘牌的公司Equity participant 参股者Fixed income investments 固定收益类投资Hedge 对冲保值手段IPO(initial public offering) 首次上市（股票）Joint stock company 参股公司Long-term government bonds 长期国债Long-term treasury bonds for construction 长期建设国债Rally 反弹The Dow Jones industrial Average 道琼斯工业平均指数The NASDAQ composite index 纳斯达克综合指数The Nikkei average 日经平均指数S&P（Standard & Poors）标准普尔指数London SE (stock exchange) 伦敦证券交易所New york SE 纽约证券交易所Shanghai SE 上海证券交易所Shenzhen SE深圳证券交易所Seeking financing by listing on the stock market 上市融资Securities investment 证券投资State stock reduction, reduce state’s stake in listed companies 国有股减持State-held shares 国有股Stock index股票指数Stock option 股票期权Treasury bonds (T-bonds) 国库券The securities and futures ordinance 证券期货条例Separation of powers 权利分离SEC (securities and exchange commission) 证券交易委员会Slump n./v. （经济）衰退滑坡Soar/surge/climb n./v. （价格）上涨Social and economic stability社会经济稳定Social credit system 社会信用体系Social wealth 社会财富Solvency 偿付能力Sources of investment 投资主体Speculative 投机性的Stabilize prices 稳定物价Start/buil…from scratch 从零开始Storage and transport 储运Strategic planning 战略部署，战略计划Strong currency 货币坚挺Strong demand 需求强劲Sunrise industry 朝阳产业Sunset industry夕阳产业Supply side economics 供方经济学Survival rate 成活率SWOT analysis 优势与劣势，机遇与挑战分析24-hour service 全天候服务Tangible benefits 实惠Technology-intensive product 技术密集产品Tender-invitation 招商The distribution (allocation) of resources 资源配置The economic structure 经济结构The industrial structure 产业结构The macro-control system 宏观调控体系The market system 市场体系The open economy 开放型经济The order of the market economy市场经济秩序The potentially largest market 潜在的最大市场The world trade organization 世贸组织The U.S. trade representative 美国贸易代表The Canadian trade mission 加拿大贸易代表团ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations)东南亚国家联盟ASEAN Free Trade Area东盟自由贸易区EU (European Union) 欧盟Chamber of import and export trade 进出口商会CIF (coat, insurance, freight)到岸价CIFC (cost, insurance, freight, commission)到岸价加佣金COD (cash on delivery)货到付款Diary product奶制品Durable consumer goods, consumer durables耐用消费品FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods)快速消费品FOB (free on board)离岸价Forward delivery 远期交货Free port 自由港Grassland farming 牧业Horticultural product 园艺品Ice-free harbor 不冻港L/C (letter of credit)信用证Non-tariff trade barriers 非关税壁垒Produce n. 农产品Protectionism 保护主义Protective price 保护价格Quotation of prices 报价单Retail market 零售市场Sea and air shipping service 海上和空中运输服务Single-product export country 单一产品出国Steel 钢铁The most competitive products 拳头产品Timber 木材Timber product 木器Trade balance 贸易平衡Trade bloc 贸易集团Trade conflicts 贸易冲突Trade deficit / surplus 贸易逆差/顺差Trade in commodities and services 商品和服务贸易Trade monopolies and regional blockades 行业垄断和地区封锁Trade sanction 贸易制裁Trade volume 贸易额Wholesale market 批发市场Wool export 羊毛出口Traditional industries 传统产业Transaction 交易Triple n./v. 增值三倍adj.成三倍的Turnover n.销售额TV shots 电视广告TQC (total quality control) 全面质量管理Unemployment insurance 失业保险Unemployment rate失业率Urban economics城市经济学Utility 公共事业Venture capital 风险资金Veto n./v. 否决Vicious circle 恶性循环Virtuous circle 良性循环Virtual economy 虚拟经济Virtuous circle 良性循环Welfare state 福利国家Work force 职工总数劳动力World multi-polarization 世界多极化。