Chapter 11.American literature in the colonial periods (殖民地时期的文学，1607-1765):①1942 Christopher Columbus(哥伦布) discovery of America②17th century English began their settlement of the North American continent (北美拓殖开始)③1606 the frist English settlement James Town, Virginia④1620 the ship Mayflower arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts⑤1629 the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony2.Puritanism(清教主义) and writers, early poetries1) the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. The doctrines of predestination(宿命), original sin(原罪), total depravity(完全的堕落) and limited atonement(有限的救赎) were all that they believed in.2)writers: William Bradford(1590-1702 Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯开发历史), Anne Bradstreet(1617-1672 The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯), Jonathan Edwards(1702-1758), EdwardTaylor(1642-1729).3)Early poetries: The Bay Psalm Book(1640, 1st book written and printed) , The Day of Doom(1662), New England Primer(1638, the 1st and most successful educational textbook)3.The Main Features of this period1)American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period; 2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted;3) The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.4.American literature in the revolutionary periods( Enlightenment启蒙运动, 1765 -1800)1)revolutionary ended in 1763 2)1772 Patriot groups began to form committees 3)1774 Frist Continental Congress 4)1775 fighting broke out5)1776 the Declaration of Independence in Second Continental Congress6)1783 The Treaty of Paris(巴黎和约) → real independence 7)1776- 1783 Independence War5.Famous literary figuresRoger Williams(罗杰·威廉斯1603-1683): The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience, Discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace （1644）Philip Freneau(菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832): "the poet of the American Revolution". His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in natureJohn Woolman(约翰·伍尔1702-1772), Tomas Paine(托马斯·潘恩1737-1809)，Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林6.Benjamin Franklin(1706 - 1790) and works1)殖民地时期作家。

独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. 还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer in America2) Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书P14Autobiography《自传》Chapter 21.Background(territory expended and unprecedented pride and self-confidence)1) establish an independent nation after The Treaty of Paris in 17832) 4, 30th 1789 George Washington took the oath, French Revolution broke out3)Thomas Jefferson → the third president in 18014) 18th century national literary movement → Romanticism(Washington, James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏)5)after 1830 Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson→ Transcendentalism超验主义( The Dia l日晷, spirit; individual; nature) 2. American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义): the literature term was frist applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe.When it used in American literature it refers to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated the sentimental emotions of their readers. It emphasized freedom and individualism, believing that imagination was superior to rationalism. The Romantics preferred the innate or intuitive perception of the heart of man. The famous fingers are Washington Irving , Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, etc. .3. Washington Irving(华盛顿·欧文1783-1859): the frist American to achieve international literary reputation.1809 A History of New York (by Diedrich Knickerbocker)1819 - 1820 The Sketch Book ( Rip Van Winkle P34 , The Legend of Sleepy)4. Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳撒尼尔·霍桑Hathorne 1804-1864): Twice-Told Tales (尽人皆知的故事1837), The House of Seven Gables (七个尖角阁的房子1851), The Scarlet Letter(红字P541850), etc.5. Edgar Allan Poe(埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849): 1) the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history; enjoyed respect and welcome in Europe; the father of psychoanalytic, modern short story and detective story.2)Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (怪异故事集1804 frist collection of stories); The Raven(乌鸦1845).6.The Raven P61: is the famous of Poe’s poems, notable for its melodic and dramatic qualities.Literacy devices: trochaic octameter (八音部扬抑格); 1)Alliteration 押头韵; 2)Onomatopoeia 拟声词; 3)Personification 拟人; 4)Internal Rhyme 行间韵; 5)Allusions 典故; 6)Repetition 重复; 7)Simile 明喻.Chapter 31.Background:1) 1865-1910s American realism was dominated American literature.2) 1861-1865 the Civil War(industrial North → agriculture South) a turning point in American history.3)end of 19th century American naturalism: the struggle for existence, survival of the fittest and natural selection.The theory of social Darwinism: the weak and stupid would for a victim in the nature course of events to economic forces.(在自然发展中，弱势群体会成为金钱的受害者。