船舶动态定位系统简介Introduction to DP1 - IntroductionDynamic positioning (DP) is a rapidly maturing technology, having been born of necessity as a result of the increasing demands of the rapidly expanding oil and gas exploration industry in the 1960s and early 1970s. Even now, when there exist over 1,000 DP-capable vessels, the majority of them are operationally related to the exploration or exploitation of oil and gas reserves.动态定位系统是一个快速成熟的技术。
是基于1960年代到70年代油气勘探工业的需求的基础上产生的。
目前已经有超过1000艘以上的动态定位的船舶，其中绝大部分都后油气勘探有关。
The demands of the offshore oil and gas industry have brought about a whole new set of requirements. Further to this, the more recent moves into deeper waters and harsh-environment locations, together with the requirement to consider more environmental-friendly methods, has brought about the great development in the area of Dynamic Positioning techniques and technology.油气工业的需求给我们带来了一个全新的需求。
不仅如此，随着油气工业向深海及更艰苦的区域发展，同时考虑到环保方式，这给动态定位系统在技术及工艺方面带来了巨大的发展。
The first vessel to fulfil the accepted definition of DP was the "Eureka", of 1961, designed and engineered by Howard Shatto. This vessel was fitted with an analogue control system of very basic type, interfaced with a taut wire reference. Equipped with steerable thrusters fore and aft in addition to her main propulsion, this vessel was of about 450 tons displacement and length 130 feet.第一条动态定位系统概念的船”Eureka”,建于1961年，由Howard Shatto设计和制造。
这条船安装着由非常简形式的模拟控制系统，配备有张力线做为参考。
在主推力系统之外，有配备了前后可操作的推进系统。
该船长130英尺，排水量约450吨。
By the late 1970s, DP had become a well established technique. In 1980 the number of DP capable vessels totalled about 65, while by 1985 the number had increased to about 150. Currently (2002) it stands at over 1,000 and is still expanding. It is interesting to note the diversity of vessel types and functions using DP, and the way that, during the past twenty years, this has encompassed many functions unrelated to the offshore oil and gas industries. A list of activities executed by DP vessels would include the following:到了70年代晚期，动态定位已经确立为一门技术。
到1980年，带DP功能的船舶就达到了65艘。
而到了1985年，这个数字就达到了150。
目前(2002),这个数字已经高达1000，而且还在迅速扩张。
很有趣的是，很多的船形都在使用DP技术。
而且，在过去的20年里，其中的很多功能已经不再局限于海洋工程油气工业。
下面的清单就是主要应用DP技术的船舶类型固定位置时，偶偶也用DP来辅助定位。
或用动态定位来减轻系泊绳的张力。
每个系统都有他们的优点和缺点。
Sketch 1.1 station keeping methodsDP Advantages: DP的优点▪Vessel is fully self-propelled; no tugs are required at any stage of the operation 船舶有自己的动力。
▪Setting-up on location is quick and easy 固定位置快而起容易▪Vessel is very manoeuvrable 船舶易于操纵▪Rapid response to weather changes is possible (weather vane) 可以快速应对气候变化▪Rapid response to changes in the requirements of the operation 可以快速应对操作变化▪Versatility within system (i.e. track-follow, ROV-follow and other specialist functions) 更多的操作功能▪Ability to work in any water depth 可以适应各种水深▪Can complete short tasks more quickly, thus more economically 快速完成小任务▪Avoidance of risk of damaging seabed hardware from mooring lines and anchors 避免海床上的硬损伤▪Avoidance of cross-mooring with other vessels or fixed platforms 避免和其他平台交叉锚泊绳缆▪Can move to new location rapidly (also avoid bad weather) 可以频繁的移到到新位置DP Disadvantages: DP的缺点▪High capital and operational expenditure 高投资和操作成本▪Can fail to keep position due to equipment failure 可能因为设备故障导致位置固定失败▪Higher day rates than comparable moored systems 和锚泊系统哦相比需要更高的租金▪Higher fuel consumption 消耗更多的燃料▪Thrusters are hazards for divers and ROVs 推进器对操作人员存在风险▪Can lose position in extreme weather or in shallow waters and strong tides极端气象和浅水或大潮时可能丢失位置▪Position control is active and relies on human operator (as well as equipment)位置控制与人的操作有关▪Requires more personnel to operate and maintain equipment 需要人员操作及设备维护From the above, it can be seen that DP will not always be the most economic solution. While vessels using moorings have a number of advantages, increasingly DP is the best option for many operations because the seabed is cluttered with pipelines and other hardware, so laying anchors has a high risk of damage to pipelines or wellheads. The option to moor to a platform rather than the seabed is also less frequent, because support vessels have become larger and platforms are not designed for the loads that can be placed in the mooring lines. Nevertheless, there is a risk that a DP vessel makes contact with a platform3.从上面可以看出，DP不总是最经济的方案。
虽然系泊仍然有很多优点，但随着海床上越来越多的管道及其他硬的物质，DP越来越成为一个更好的选项。
因为锚链可能会破坏管道或井口。
During the 1990s there was a rapid increase in the number of vessels with dynamic positioning systems. Many of these vessels have been designed for DP and integrated control of engines and thrusters, but there are also a large number of conversions and upgrades. The situation is market-driven and relies on operational efficiency which, in turn, places a high reliability requirement on equipment, operators and vessel managers.90年代以来。