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自考英语写作备课-fammy

板参考书Bookreport1.2.3.Format第二课时5Outline考点:引入:问学生拿到作文题目后的第一件事情是做什么?撰写大纲是英语写作的重要一步,也是英语写作考试重点考察的内容之一。

因此,考生应该给以足够的重视。

大纲指的是一篇文章的总体结构。

撰写大纲能力的高低反应考生总体把握英语篇章能力的强弱。

在《英语写作》考试中,它有两种表现形式:一是根据文章写出其大纲;一是根据题目编写大纲,构思文章。

前者是考试直接考察的,既考察大纲的形式也考察其内容。

后者是间接考察的,即在文章写作一题中,考生在构思时所用的大纲。

它是写好一篇文章的前提和基础。

这里我们着重讲解撰写大纲的形式要求,而对如何针对文章撰写大纲的考试技巧和写作过程中的大纲撰写将在后面的章节中加以详细论述。

1.Deciding on a topic:Avoid topics too broad or too narrow举例:Childhood Experience------The most unforgetable childhood experienceP13可以帮助确定题目5 2.formulating a thesis(中心大意): controlling idea---have to be clea and specificP14过于狭窄的例子练习:P21 practice 13. collecting detail s: supporting ideas:P15&165 Outline原则: 1. 部分若含有分项(subpoints),则分项不能少于两个。

即有“1”必有“2”,有“A”必有“B”,依次类推。

处于同一地位的分项要具有同样的重要性,安排要合乎逻辑。

分项要用相同的语法结构来表达。

P20 的Diagram2. 不要将话题大纲(a topic outline)和句子大纲(a sentence outline)相混淆。

英语大纲有两种形式:话题大纲和句子大纲。

顾名思义,话题大纲由名词短语,动名词短语,不定式短语等构成。

句子大纲由完整的句子构成。

两者泾渭分明,不得混用。

3. 话题大纲的第一个字母要大写,短语后不必点句号;句子大纲要遵循英语句子的标点规范。

但是在序列号中每一个罗马字母,大写字母,阿拉伯数字或是小写字enthusiastic 充满热情的modest 谦虚的industrious 勤奋的humorous 幽默的hard-working 勤劳的frugal 俭朴的generous 宽宏大量的rational 有理性的realistic 实事求是的reasonable 讲道理的reliable 可信赖的responsible 负责的self-conscious 自觉的selfless 无私的5 Description of a place: a clear spatial order:远近、上下、左右Description of an objectDescription of a scene:the setting.people and actions《托福考试十大高分句型》和《必备句型35条》补充周三exposition P78exposition(重点):说明文(Exposition)是为了解释或阐述某一问题,某一过程或是关系的写作类型。

其目的是通过解释,使人明白某件事情,明白如何去做一件事情,或是明白一件事情的原因,及其引发的后果等。

Expository writing:Characteristics of expository writing:P78 significant,clear,objective,economical,interesting说明文有比较明确的行文模式,初学者应该对此加以熟悉,才能写好说明文。

大致来讲,说明文分为三个部分,五个段落(可适当增加一两个段落)。

一个引言段,三个主体段,一个结论段。

可参见下图:Ways of starting the essay:这一段落的主要目的有两个:引入讨论的话题(topic),并缩小讨论范围,提出论点。

因此这一段落最为常见的发展模式就是从一般到具体,从宽泛到合适。

通常来讲,我们不直接将观点(thesis)摆出来,而是应该有一些过渡,逐渐的从宽到窄,在引言段的最后提出观点。

a. 引入话题引入话题的方法和手段很多,例如提供相关背景知识,引用名人名言,名人轶事,善用描写,记叙等手段对某一现象加以描述等。

总而言之,引言要简练,自然流畅,能抓住读者的兴趣。

大家在阅读范文时要有意识地分析文章的引言段,看作者是如何引入话题的,自己可以仿写。

这对写作能力的提高帮助很大。

例如下面几个例子。

The other day,I announced that I would go abroad for further studies right after my college education. My decision evoked the immediate objection of my family:Why?Why should I borrow a huge sum of money for overseas studies while I might receive the点的主旨;短文写作时要先确定观点,再推敲确定语言表达形式。

写开始段落和thesis时的DON’TS:P86练习:P87 Practice 3 Item4 Campus problemsc. 正文部分说明文正文部分我们一般写三个段落。

也就是对观点展开论述。

这里涉及到的是段落写作。

相信大家在初级写作阶段,已经掌握了段落写作的要领。

这里一带而过,段落写作要注意段落的一致性(unity),发展性(Development)和连贯性(Coherence)。

1)一致性(unity)即文章中所有内容都要围绕这文章的中心思想。

我们可以具体从两个方面来加以保证。

一是,三个段落的内容通过主题句(Topic Sentences)紧扣引言部分的中心思想。

如下图:例如一篇文章主题是Turning Failure into Success,中心思想是“Too much emphasis on success is not a good thing.”主题句1 Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive.主题句2. Success that comes too early is also damaging.主题句3. Success is also bad when it's achieved at the cost of the quality of an experience.第二,就是每一个段落内容都要围绕自己的主题句思想展开。

要做到这一点,作为段落灵魂的主题句(Topic Sentence)一般放在段落的开始较好,后面是若干支持句。

例如:主题句:These days lifestyles seem to change fast.支持句1. It is more than just clothing and hairstyle that are in style one year and out or date the next;it's a whole way of living.支持句2. One year people wear sunglasses on top of their heads and wear jeans and boots;they drink white wine and eat sushi at Japanese restaurants;for exercise they jog several miles a day.支持句3. However,the next year they notice that everything has changed.Analogy:对比法行文结构有两大类:主题型subject-by-subject和要点型point-by-point.具体模式参见下表。

前者适用于简短的话题写作,后者适合复杂问题写作。

典型课文分析参见课本Page 188图表作文a composition according to tables and graphs1.introduction: this kind of writing is an information interpretation process. Theinformation may be given in numbers, lines or curves, etc. usually a few explanations are given.The organization of the writing is essential to a good essay of tables andgraphs. Genarally, it is as follows:General introduction----analysis----conclusion概要介绍---分析图表----总结概括That is, in the first paragraph, you have to demonstrate the general situation of what has been reflected in the table or graph; then, in the second paragraph you have to analyze carefully the numbers, lines or curves, and point out the rate of increase or decrease; in the end, you have to write your own opinion or comment.2. basis writing process:a. havea correct understanding of the given information and grasp the main idea;b. make a careful analysis of the information:the reasons, relations, etc.c. write an oulinee the right technique of writing(usu. Comparison and contrast)练习:2. Teenage smoking (Causes)Teenage smoking has become a serious problem. The number of youngsters smoking cigarettes has increased dramatically as shown in the following paragraph. What are the causes for the phenomenon?Give your explanation.练习:2. Teenage smoking (Causes)Teenage smoking has become a serious problem. The number of youngsters smoking cigarettes has increased dramatically as shown in the following paragraph. What are the causes for the phenomenon?Give your explanation.补充:自考英语写作大汇总二&一补充知识:常用转换词语类型:1)listing列举:first,second, third; firstly,secondly,thirdly; first, furthermore,finally;in the。

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