From Jan, 1978 to 2010, there are around 800 firms engaging in accounting frauds or financial misrepresentations on US stock market, such as:
Enron Worldcom Dell Etc.
➢ Earnings management (盈余操纵) involves deliberate actions taken by management to meet earnings objectives.
➢ Income smoothing (收益平滑) is a form of earnings management in which revenues and expenses are shifted between periods to reduce fluctuations in earnings.
按照2014年末公司应收款项规模测算，应收账款坏账准 备计提比例变更预计增加公司2015年度净利润540万元。
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
中金再生
中国森林 银广夏 通海高科
So the auditor should pay attention to the risk of fraud
旅程天下
…
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
11 - 12
Learning Objective
Describe the fraud triangle and identify conditions for fraud.
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
5-5
Learning Objective
Define fraud and distinguish between fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets.
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
Assess the risk of fraud & Respond to the risk of fraud
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
5-5
Key Points
➢ Fraud triangle (舞弊三角模型) ➢ Specific fraud risk areas (舞弊高风险领域) ➢ Auditor’s responsibility for assessing the risk
of fraud and detecting material misstatements due to fraud.
Fraud Triangle for Fraudulent Reporting
Incentives/Pressures (动机或压力):
➢ Financial stability or profitability is threatened by
economic, industry, or entity operating conditions
Delay starting a new project even if this entails a small sacrifice in value延迟投资
Provide incentives for customers to buy more product this quarter
Draw down on reserves previously set aside
11 - 16
Fraud Triangle for Fraudulent Reporting
Opportunities (机会):
11 - 11
Misappropriation of assets
➢ Misappropriation of assets is fraud that involves theft of an entity’s assets. In many cases, but not all, the amounts involved are not material to the financial statements. However, theft is often a management concern because small thefts can easily increase in size over time.侵吞资产
11 - 6
Types of Fraud
Management Fraud
Fraudulent financial reporting
Misappropriation of assets
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
11 - 9
600178 哈尔滨东安汽车动力
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
11 - 10
002686浙江亿利达风机股份关于应收款 项坏账准备计提比例调整的公告Maybe NhomakorabeaWithin
GAAP ©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
11 - 8
Methods within GAAP
Decrease discretionary spending (e.g. R&D, advertising, maintenance, etc.) (可操纵性支出)
➢ Personal net worth is materially threatened
个人财富受到负面影响
审计时需考虑是否存
在舞弊的动机 ©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
Assessing and Responding to Fraud Risk
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
5-5
Questions
11 - 7
Fraudulent financial reporting
➢ Fraudulent financial reporting is an intentional misstatement or omission of amounts or disclosures with the intent to deceive users.
Sell investments or assets to recognize gains
Alter accounting assumptions
调前整期坏计账提准资备产计减提值比,
例, 调后整期折转旧回年限 ©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
➢ Is accounting fraud very rare or very common?
➢ What is the incentive of manipulating accounting numbers? (Why?)
➢ What are the usual methods to manipulate accounting numbers?
11 - 14
Why Fraud Occurs
获取个人利益
为了实现目标
内控较差不会被发现
有优越感
©2012 Pearson EducatiSonh, Aaundgitihnga1i4U/e,nAirvenesr/Eslidteyr/BoefaFsleiny ance and Economics
11 - 15
5-5
Is accounting fraud very rare or very common?
In China: 2001年-2014年149家A股公司会计舞弊
科龙电器 绿大地 万福生科
What you could observe are probably those that
were detected…
➢ Misappropriation of assets is normally perpetrated at lower levels of the organization hierarchy.