非谓语动词一、什么是非谓语动词？1.“非谓语非谓语：就是不能做谓语的动词谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具冇的特征和状态。
它冇人称、数、时态和语态的变化。
e.g. He works. He will go to Shanghai. You looked smart.非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以苗宾语或状语。
Climbin呂mountains is great fun. To vis让China is my next goaL 非谓语动词包括：1）不定式to + v 2）动词v・ing 3）过去分词v-ed2.非谓语使用条件_个句子当中，己经存在一个主句（谓语动词），又没有连词的情况卜She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.3.构成形式二、用法比较（一）.不定式和・ing形式作主语的区别1.-ing和不定式都可以作主语，・ing作主语表示一般或抽象的经常性，习惯性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一•次性的动作。
Learni昭a foreign language is very useful.It is not very good for you to smoke so much.2.•…不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
常见句型有让is adj. （of/for sb J to do sth.（1）It's difficult （important, necessary） for sb. to do（2）It's kind （good, friendly; pol让e, careless, rude, cruel, clever; foolish, brave） o£sb. to do.3..-ing 在"It is no use/ no good/useless + doing"结构中作主语,it 为形式主语。
It is no good writin呂to him; he never answers letters.4..主表对称原则Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.（二）.不定式和ing形式作宾语的区别l.・ing形式作宾语通常衣示一般的、经常性的行为，而不定式作宾语表示特定的、具体的、-•次性动作I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today.2.1）有些动词或短语要求只接不定式作宾语：afford / agree/attempt/ choose / decide / demand / determine /desire/ expect / fail / hesitate / intend/hope / long / man age / offer / plan / prepare / pretend / promise / refuse / want / wish 2）有些动词或短语只接ing作宾语：admit / advise / allow / appreciate / avoid / consider /delay / deny / / dislike / enjoy / escape / excuse / forbid / imagine / keep / mind / miss / permit / practise / risk / stand, can't help, set about, be engaged in, spend...（in）, succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like 等3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, tiy mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之示的动作,而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing 代替完成式having done.Remember to wiite to us when you get there. I don't remember meeting him.o动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）（三）・作宾补时三者的区别1.冇些动词接不定式作宾补：（和宾语冇主谓关系强调动作将发生或全过程；表一次性动作）tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb to doHe asked me to finish the work in time.2 感官动词feel \listen to \hear\ see\ watch\ observe\ notice 的宾补用法。
do （和宾语冇主谓关系强调动作已经完成,do变被动以后前要加to.）doing （强调动作正在进行，尚未完成；延续性动词）done （表动作已经完成，或被动，多强调状态）I heard her sing the song many times. I heard her singing the song when I passed her room. 1 have never heard the song_sung in English.3.使役动词make, let, get, have等的宾补用法。
①make/let/have +宾语+ do； get+宾语+ to do表示"使/让/叫某人去做某事"。
The boss made the boy work twelve hours a day.Mother got me to stay alone at home.②have +宾语+ doing sth表示"使/让……持续做某事"；get+宾语+ doing sth表示"使/ 让……开始行动起来”。
Farmers had the machines working all the time.Can you get my watch going again?③have/get/make+宾语+done表示"使……被做"。
He made his idea known to his parents.have sth done还可以表示"使遭受..…Tom had his leg broken while playing footbalL4.复合结构“介词with +宾语+宾补”1）______________________ W ith winter （come）on, it's time to buy warm cbthes.2）________________________________________ He lay in bed with his head （ cover）3）_______________________________________________ I can't go out with all these dishes （wash）.4）________________________ With an exam （hold）tomorrow, I couldn't go to the cinema tonight. （四）・作表语时三者的区别1）.不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
My job is to help the patient now.（说明主语具体内容）2）-ing形式作表语:①表示抽象的、一般性的经常性的行为。
（说明主语具体内容，主表可换位）His hobby is collecting stamps.②表"令人如何如何"（主语所貝-有的特征），如:astonishing\ exciting\ moving\ surprising\ tiring\ interesting\ amusing\ shocking\ worrying3）…V・ed："让人感到如何如何"（主语所处的状态）如:astonished\ excited\ moved\ surprised\ tired\ interested\ amused\ shocked\ worried\ disappointed\ frightened\ pleased\ puzzled\ satisfied 等（五）.作定语时三者的区别1•不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，若为动宾关系，动词须为及物动词。
①不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all any等限定的中心词。
②不定式常放在某些名词（chance/ability/opportunity）或代词（nothing/something）J H [fri 作定语。
如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，其后要加介词。
You are the third one to enter the room. I have something important to say.I need a pen to wHte with. The question to be discussed tomorrow will be important. 2・・ing 作定语①多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性）He has a reading room. a sleeping car②表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句；a sleeping boy The girl gathering flowers is beautifuLThe question being discussed now is important.3•过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成，可换为定语从句。
a broken cup The question discussed yesterday is important.All the people invited to the meeting are VIP.（All the people who are invited to the meeting are VIP.）（六）•作状语时三者的区别（常都可以变为状语从句）1）不定式作状语通常表示①原因（谓动之前）②目的（可用so as to/in order to替换）③结果so....as to do 如此…以致②such...as to do如此…以致③enough（...）to do足以（意想不到的结果，常为only to do）We were very excited to hear the news. To get there on time I got up very early. Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?He rushed to school only to find there was no body there.2）・ing或过去分词作状语通常表示①原因②时间③条件④让步⑤结果（意料之屮）⑥伴随（逗号）（主语一致性；・ing表主动，过去分词表被动）Hearing a sound, the baby stopped crying. Given an apple, the child stopped crying. Having lived in the country for many years, she knows how to grow vegetables.When/lf heated, ice will be changed into waterSeen from the top of the mountain, the village looks very smalLHaving been toki many times, he still made the same mistake.Being very small computers are widely used.His parents died, leaving him an orphan. My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. He sat in a chain watching TVThe teacher entered the room, followed by some students.非谓语动词特殊用法：一•下列情况用不定式：1..形容词easy; difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good 等形容词后|何接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。