句子成分分析
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
它包括:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
1.主语:
是句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般位于句首,由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。
如:
The car is running fast.(名词)
We are students.(代词)
One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)
It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)
若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
2.谓语:
说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。
动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。
实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。
如:
He works in a factory.(实义动词)
I felt cold.(系动词+表语)
How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词)
Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词)
They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词)
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3.宾语:
是及物动词所涉及的对象,一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。
如:
He is doing his homework.(名词)
They did nothing this morning.(代词)
She wants to go home.(不定式)
【注意】
①有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。
这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass,tell,leave等。
如:
He bought me a book.
Pass me the ball,will you?(间宾+直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。
如:
Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾)
Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。
这类动词有:want,wish,hope,promise,decide,agree,choose,care等。
如:
I hope to see you again.
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。
这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind(介意),practise,miss,suggest,keep(on)等。
如:
Do you mind my opening the window?
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
forget to do表示“未发生的动作”,forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。
如:Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)
I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
4.定语:
用于修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。
如:What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词)
She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
There are two students in the classroom.(数词)
We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)
5.状语:
用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。
单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。
如:
Thank you very much.(副词)
I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语)
He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)
We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)
【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。
如:
He is old enough to go to school.
6.表语:
用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。
常用的连系动词有:be,look,get,sound(听起来),feel,become,smell,turn,taste(尝起来)等。
如:
They are workers.(名词)
Two and three is five.(数词)
The story is very interesting.(形容词)
She is at home.(介词短语)
I feel terrible.(形容词)
The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
7.宾语补足语:
用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。
“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。
如:
We elected him monitor.(名词)
I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词)
The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)
He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)
They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)
8同位语:
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。
如:
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
9分词独立结构:
分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。
例:
Studying hard, your score will go up.
简单句的5种基本结构
通过一个爱情故事掌握5种简单句。
1,主语+谓语:She comes.
2,主语+系动词+表语She is lovely.
3,主语+谓语+宾语I love her.
4,主语+谓语+间宾+直宾I gave her a rose.
5,主语+谓语+宾语+宾补I made her happy.。