新概念第二册语法解析及练习：现在完成时现在完成时：1．构成：have / has + 过去分词2．功能：（1）表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。
常与yet, just, before, recently, lately（最近）, ever, never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
►. He hasn't seen her lately.►. I haven't finished the book yet.（2）表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
如：so far（迄今为止）, up till now（直到现在）, since, for a long time（很长时间）, up to present（直到现在）, in the past / in the last few years （在过去的几年里）, these days（目前）……►. He has worked here for 15 years.►. I have studied English since I came here.►. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.►. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.（3）某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点：I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达）, join（加入）, leave（离开）, go, refuse （拒绝）, fail（失败）, finish, buy, marry, divorce（离婚）, awake（醒）, buy, borrow, lend ... （背三遍！）II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
►. She has gone away for a month.（误）►. She has been away for a month （正）►. The man has died for two years.（误）►. The man has been dead for two years.（正）►. How long have youbought the book?（误）►. How long have you got the book.（正）（4）注意 since的用法：►. They haven't had any trouble since they came here.►. It has been ten years since we met last time.►. He has been here since 1980.►. He has been here since ten years ago.几组对比：►. He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。
►. He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
►. She has gone. 她已走了。
►. She is gone. 她缺席了。
（或者她死了。
）►. The door has been closed. 门关上了。
（动作）►. The door is closed. 门是关着的。
（状态）测试精编1. The prices ________ going up all the time in the past few years.A. keepB. keptC. have keptD. are keeping2. For the whole period of two months, there ________ no rain in this area.A. isB. will beC. hasbeen D. have been3. Today is Jane's wedding day. She ________ John.A. have just married withB. was just married toC. has just been married toD. just has been married to4. No wonder the flower have withered, they ________ any water for ages.A. hadn'tB. haven'tC. haven't hadD. hadn't had5. Nowadays computer ________ a wide application with the development of production and science.A. foundB. has foundC.finds D. had foundKEYS1. C2. C3. C4. C5. B过去进行时：1．构成：were / was + 现在分词2．功能：（1）表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
►. I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.►. When I arrived, they were watching TV.►. They were doing housework this time last week.（2）用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
►. She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.►. I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.测试精编1. My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.A. fell / was ridingB. feel / were ridingC. had fallen / rodeD. had fallen / was riding2. He ________ his leg as he ________ in a football match.A. broke / playedB. was breaking / was playingC. broke / was playingD. was breaking / played3. -My father will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he ________ today.A. was corningB. is comingC. will comeD. comes4. Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who ________ in.A. comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. had come5. Michike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called her because she ________ in the lab.A. had been workingB. has been workingC. was workingD. workedKEYS1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C一般过去时：功能：（1）表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
►. We visited the school last spring.►. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.►. China was founded in 1949.（2）在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
►. She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.►. They would not leave until she came back.►. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。
）►. Her brother was a chemist.（已去世）►. Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）►. That's all I had to say.（话已说完）►. That's all I have to say.（言之未尽）►. It was so nice to see you.（离别时用）►. It is so nice to see you.（见面时用）►. Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）►. Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）［本句现在完成时，此乃后话！］测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确进态填空）。
1. Yesterday I ________ (think) that you were not in Beijing.2. Alice usually ________ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she ________ (sit) at the back this morning.3. He ________ (tell) the news to us three days ago.4. He________ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.5. she would not telephone me if she ________ (have) no time.测试精编II1. They ________ the trip until the rain stopped.A. continuedB. didn't continueC. hadn't continuedD. would continue2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they ________ of hunger and cold.（without 在这里表条件，你知道吗？）A. would dieB. will dieC. would be deadD. would have died3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth ________ around the sun.A. movedB. has movedC. will moveD. moves4. When all those present ________ he began his lecture.（重点题）A. sitB. setC. seatedD. were seated5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I ________ not.A. haveB. would haveC. hadD. had hadKEYS1. thought2. sits, sat3. told4.began 5. had1. B2. A3. D4. D5. C现在进行时：1．构成：is / am / are + 现在分词2．功能：（1）表示现在正在进行的动作。