邸雅楠Habitat of 230,000 known marine species, over 10million marine species estimated估计1.Nekton:自游生物marine mammals, fish, cephalopods头足类（章鱼）and crustacean甲壳纲类（海龟）2.Plankton:浮游生物zooplankton（浮游动物）(Copepod 桡足类Jellyfish水母Krill 磷虾Foraminiferans孔虫)phytoplankton（浮游植物）single-celled algae (micro-algae) and bacteria3.Benthos（海底生物）:Zoobenthos（底栖动物）and phytobenthos（底栖植物）•Multi-cellular algae （藻类）called by “seaweeds”（海藻）or macroalgae（大型藻类）➢thallus,（叶状体）photosynthesize（光合作用）➢Blades（叶片）, not trueleaves they lack veins（叶脉）➢gas-filled bladders（气囊）or floats（漂浮物）or Pneumatocyst（气囊）maximize sunlightexposure. contain carbon monoxide (CO)➢the stipe（菌柄）, not found on all seaweeds➢ A holdfast（固着器）holds the seaweed to the bottom. does not aid in gathering nutrientsChlorophyta = Green: Ulva(石莼/海白菜)Phaeophyta = Brown: Laminaria (海带)Rhodophyta = Red: Porphyra (紫菜)Flowering Plants（开花植物）•Over 250,000 species exist worldwide,only a few of these exist in the marine community•Those plants that do exist there must have mechanisms（结构）for dealing with salinity（盐分）。

•These plants have true leaves, stems, roots and conducting tissues—Mangrove trees (Rhizophora, 红树木科)—Seagrasses—Salt marsh PlantsAnimals1.1Classification of animals•phyla （界）, and then classes, orders, families, genus, and speciesinvertebrate does not refer to a strictly defined scientific group, it is a handy term（随意的术语）meaning•Invertebrates are far more abundant in the ocean and on land than vertebrates are，about 97% of animals are invertebrates Sponges (海绵动物)Cnidarians (腔肠动物)Flatworms (扁形虫)Ribbonworms (纽虫)Nematodes (线虫)Annelids (环节动物)Sipunculans (星虫动物)Echiurans (螠虫动物)Molluscs (软体动物)Arthropods (节肢动物)Bryozoans (苔藓虫)Phoronids (帚虫)Brachiopods (腕足类)Arrow worms (箭虫)Echinoderms (棘皮动物)Hemichordates (半索海生动物)Tunicates (被囊动物)Lancelets (文昌鱼)Invertebrate—The SpongesInvertebrate—The Cnidarians（刺细胞）Includes Corals（珊瑚）, Sea Anemones (海葵)and Jellyfish•Unique long stinging cells called:Cnidocytes (刺细胞)•Long harpoon（鱼叉）like tubes called:Nematocyst (刺丝囊)When the Nematocyst senses food is firesvenom outward to stun the prey（猎物）Barbs (倒钩) line the harpoon-tube to attachpreyStingsInvertebrate—The Molluscs（软体动物）Gastropods (腹足类, snails, sea slug海参); Bivalves (双壳类, oysters, clams, mussels); Cephalopods (头足类, octopus章鱼)4.1 Bivalves:双壳类•Clams, Oysters（牡蛎）, Scallops, Mussels, etc.•Filter feeder（滤食动物）•Wide distributed and delicious4.2Gastropods（腹足类）•Coiled shell on most species4.3 Cephalopods（头足类）•All 650 species marine, including Squid（鱿鱼）, Octopus,（章鱼）Nautilus (鹦鹉螺) & CuttlefishInvertebrate—The Arthropods（节肢动物）Marine fish are vertebrates•Some have vertebra made of cartilage (软骨), while others have bony (多骨的) vertebra (椎骨)•Among the 24,000 known species of fish, about 15,000 species are marine•Fish are the oldest of vertebrates (found farther back in the fossil record)About half of all vertebrate species are fish1. Agnatha (无颌鱼类)More Advanced Groups of Fish2.1 Chondrichthyes（软骨鱼纲）2.2 Osteichthyes, The Bony Fish（硬骨鱼纲）The Circulatory System Coloration•Two major theories about the origin of Life: Tradition of Creation and Theory of EvolutionApplication: Drugs origin from marine natural products1.List the differences between macroalgae and landplant?What is the basic body structure of Crustacean2.Classification of marine fish?•Classification of Marine lives•Macroalgae and Marine Plant•Marine Invertebrates•Marine Fish•Why learn Marine BiologyObjectives for this lecture:•At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:1.Know and understand the characteristics of microbes2.List the negative and positive effects of microbesWhy study MicrobiologyMicrobes (Microorganisms) are related to all life.–In all environments–Many beneficial aspects–Related to life processes (food, nutrientcycling)–Only a minority are pathogenic（致病的）Most of our problems are caused by microbesThe prominent characteristics of microbes are S mall, O ld, S imple(SOS)Discovery of Microorganisms1945Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin 青霉素Any extreme habitat—whether hot, cold, salty, acidic, alkaline, high pressure, oxygen- free, or toxic—is likely to harbormicrobes with special adaptions to theseconditions.Adaptation to Temperaturepsychro phile (嗜冷生物); meso phile (中温生物); thermo phile(嗜热生物)Adaptation to Oxygenobligate aerobe (需氧微生物)facultative anaerobe (兼型厌氧)true anaerobe（厌氧微生物）binary fission二分裂Disease/pathogen（致病源）Biofouling 生物污损Biodeterioration 生物腐蚀Ecosystem Service:（生态系统）Biogeochemistry Cycles=Biotic compartments = biosphere 生物圈Abiotic compartments = lithosphere 岩石圈atmosphere 大气圈hydrosphere 水圈益处Vaccination of finfish is widely used inaquaculture（长须鲸的疫苗广泛用于水产业）Applications of microbial biotechnology in Newapproaches to a ntifouling（微生物技术来防污）quorum quenching UacultureMarine microbes as sources for biofuels（生物能源）Pharmaceutical compounds from marine m icrobes（药物化合物）Enzymes from marine microbes（酶）Biotechnology（生物技术）Bioaugmentation 生物添加大陆地壳和洋壳：不仅仅是厚度不同Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist （气象学家）, proposed （提议） the continental drift hypothesis （大陆漂移学说） in 1912. The origin of continents and oceans （大陆和海洋的起源）, Alfred Wegener, 1915.Territorial Sea: (领海）coastal country has full sovereignty over of the water.Contiguous Zone:（毗邻区）restrictive sovereignty（限制主权）, some jurisdiction（司法）right for administration, such as anti-smuggling. （缉私）Exclusive Economic Zone:（经济专属区）coastal（沿海的）country has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.Continent Shelf（大陆架）: EEZ stretched to this zone.EEZ and CS be stretched to 350 nm or more Beyond that, ISA：联合国国际海底管理局中国主张：自然延伸原则日本主张：中间线方法举例僧袍芋螺曲贝替定王品美马忠俊。