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《植物花粉花药培养》PPT课件


Figure - P-pollen with two identical nuclei.
Figure - Wheat p-pollen in vivo showing several nuclei similar to multicellular structures in vitro.
离体小孢子发育途径(雄核发育,Androgenesis): A途径:小孢子第一次不均等分裂。 根据第二次及以后的分裂不同又分为: A-V:营养核分裂; A-G:生殖核分裂; A-VG:营养和生殖核均分裂; C:分裂中出现融合加倍等现象等。 B途径:小孢子第一次均等分裂 形成大小相似的细胞,然后有单一类细胞组成多核
(一)花药培养:Anther culture is the process of using anthers to culture haploid plantlets.
1、培养方式:
固体培养—液体培养 A.液体培养: B.双层培养: C.分步培养:型 MS、Miller、Nitsh、H、N6、W14等。
花粉细胞。
5.单倍体植株的加倍:
(1)自然加倍: 自发形成二倍体,愈伤组织途径较多发生。
(2)人工加倍: 利用秋水仙素等
化学药剂处理单倍体 植株加倍。使用浓度 0.0006%-3%,以0.2% 应用较普遍。
此外,抗微管形成的除草剂也可以用于染色
6.单倍体植株的倍性鉴定:
单倍体35.5%,二倍体53.4%,多倍体 5.2%
Figure - Synthetic model for androgenesis. Stress operating at two "changing points" can modify the normal development of pollen grain, that became competent for embryogenesis. This potential would be dependent on sporophytic information kept in the cytoplasm, which normally are eliminated at meiosis and at the uninucleated vacuolate stage of pollen grain.
鉴定方法:
(1)染色体直接技术法:需对根尖或茎 尖细胞染色体进行显微观察鉴定。
直接形成胚状体 (2)愈伤组织途径
形成愈伤组织然后分化出不定芽等器官, 最后发育成完整植株。
Figure - Segmentation pattern of in vitro wheat pollen observed from the 1st to 14th day of anther culture. The figure shows that a uninucleated microspore may degenerate before division, (a) or may give rise, by mitosis, to normal binucleated grain presenting vegetative and generative nuclei (b). Identical nuclei are formed in low frequency (c). The first mitotic division occurs at the 4th day of culture. The normal binucleated pollen may follow the normal in situ developmental pattern forming starch and then, degenerate (d). The second mitotic division takes place at the 6-8th and at the 10th day of culture. In the androgenetic pollen, the vegetative, generative or both nuclei are able to divide giving rise to an embryo (e, f, g). In pollen with identical nuclei, both cells contribute to androgenesis (h). Pollen degeneration can occur in any step of this process. At the 14th day, multicellular structures can be seen (i).
(2)激素及生长调节剂 早期要求生长素促进分裂, 后期细胞分裂 素促进花粉植株的形成。 (3)碳源及其他成分
高浓度蔗糖等,要求较低的铵态氮、氨 基酸等。
3.选择适宜的花粉发育时期:
醋酸洋红染色镜检花粉发育时期。 大多数植物以单核后期花粉适宜花药培 养。
4. 花粉植株的诱导: (1)胚状体途径
目前已在250多种植物中由花药或花粉培养 获得单倍体植株。
www.desicca.de/.../hauptteil_figure_85.html
花粉花药培养的技术应用:
(1)基础理论上研究的利用 (2)单倍体育种
A. 获得纯合二倍体; B. 缩短育种年限; C. 远缘杂种的培育; D. 与诱变育种结合获得新品种。
第六章 植物花粉花药培养
Rice androgenesis.
一、花粉及花药培养(Pollen Culture and Anther Culture)
离体条件下对植物的花粉或花药进行培养 获得单倍体植株的技术。
最早是在1964年由印度植物学家Guha 和 Maheshiwari在毛叶曼佗罗(Datura innoxia) 的花药培养中成功获得单倍体植株。
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