代词一、定义与分类代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。
代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。
综观历年高考情况,在这九类代词中,不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。
⏹人称代词I , you ,she ,him⏹疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what (用于引出特殊疑问句的代词)注意:what与which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用which;不明确时用what。
如:Which color do you like, red, black or white? What color is your car?⏹物主代词my 、your、hers⏹关系代词which 、that、who、whom⏹反身代词myself、yourselves注意:反身代词用于be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神所处的状态。
如:I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。
He doesn't feel himself today.I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。
⏹连接代词who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等⏹相互代词each other、one another⏹不定代词one、each、another、neither⏹指示代词this、that、those、these注意:a. 为避免重复,可用that 和those 代替前面提到的名词。
如:The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school.(that=the playground)My books are next to those of the monitor.b. 在打电话时,通常用this 指自己,用that指对方:如:Hello. This is Jim. Is that John?c. this 和that 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为“这么”、“那么”,相当于so。
如:I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。
Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗?二:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词用法概述这三种代词都有人称(一、二、三人称)的变化、数(单、复数)的变化,以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)的变化。
其中,人称代词除了这三种变化外,还有格(主格、宾格)的变化。
物主代词又包括两种形式:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
特别注意:形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。
这三种代词的形式变化表如下:三、不定代词的用法1)定义:不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
2)分类:英语中不定代词有:some(something,somebody,someone,somewhere),any(anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere),no(nothing,nobody,no one),every(everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),another,none,one,either,neither等。
2)不定代词的句法功能1)作主语,例:Both(of us)are right.Neither(of the answers)is correct.2)作宾语,例:There is room for all of us.If you have any,give us some.3)作表语,例:Is that all you want to know?I’m not somebody,I’m nobody.我不是重要人物,我是个无名小卒.4)作定语,例:You may take either road.Everybody‘s business is nobody’s business.人人都管等于没人管。
(谚)5)作同位语,例:They both agreed to stay here.We none of us said anything.☆不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类,也是高考英语中最常考的一类,复习时应注意以下几点:1. some和any的比较不定代词some,any都是“一些”的意思,都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。
some一般用于肯定句中;而any 则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中.例:Tom has some picture-books.I have waited some time.Have you any questions?There aren’t any pictures on the wall.注意:在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some 而不用any。
如:Will you lend me some money? Why don’t you bring some flowers?2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。
有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),具体使用时要根据一定的上下文正确选用。
如:He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。
Were they all college students? 他们都是大学生吗?注意:each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。
如:There are trees on each side of the road.3. (a) few 与(a) little。
few和a few 后接复数名词,而little和a little后接不可数名词。
其中few 和little表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;而a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义。
如:He knew few of them. He sold only a few of the papers. 他只卖出了几份报纸。
He knew little about it. There is still a little left.4. all, every, each的用法。
从强调重点上看:all强调整体,every 强调总体中的所有成员(与all很接近),each则强调逐个逐个地;从用法上看:all和each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接of 短语;从含义上看,each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用each。
如:All was destroyed in the big fire.Each of us has a book.All are present.= Everyone is present..注意:1)在表示“每个”、“全体”意思时,every的意思与all很接近。
但一般情况下every和单数名词搭配,all 和复数名词搭配。
例:Every child enjoys Christmas.All children enjoy Christmas.2)each也是“每一个”的意思,但与every不同,each用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,着重于个别概念。
例:Two men came into the room.Each carried an umbrella.Each/Every book on this desk is worth reading.5.other, the other, another, others的用法。
指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other;指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词),若特指用the other (后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。
如:Show me some others. Show me another.We should think of others. Where are the other students?注:another后一般要单数可数名词,若其后的名词有数词或few 修饰,则也可接复数名词。
如:I've got another five minutes. 我还有5分钟。
6.no one, nobody, none 的用法。
no one 与nobody 用法相似,均只用于指人不用于指物,且其后不能接of短语,用作主语时谓语用单数;而none 既可用于指人也可用于指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指复数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。
如:No one [Nobody] has read it. None of this milk can be used.None of the films is [are] worth seeing.7. 复合不定代词的用法。
复合不定代词主要包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。
其中something, someone 等和anything, anyone等的区别与some 和any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。
使用时应请注意以下几点:(1) 受定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。
如:Tell us something interesting. There was nobody tired.(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his (不一定指男性)。