Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)…make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leatherbellows…(Para. 5)2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 5)6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)Unit 2V: Figures of speechMetaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。

1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.2). …I was again crushed by the thought…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)3). …At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)4). …when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me…(Page 15, Para. 7, Lines 1~3)Synecdoche: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part(as the law for police officer), the specific for the general(as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ).举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)little old Japan: traditional Japanese housesMetonymy: 换喻A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington”for “the United States government”or of “the sword”for “military power”.换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture Irony：反语The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。

e.g. This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17)Climax: 层进法A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 15~16, Para. 12, Lines 1~3)Anti-climax: 渐降Anti-climax, as used in the text, states one’s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved ahumorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。

e.g. “seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy towelcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its—oysters.”(p.15)Sarcasm讽刺is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt.Hiroshima—the “liveliest” City in Japan (hyperbole)If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if…(hyperbole)Simile 明喻is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or likee.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them…Unit 3 Ships in the DesertPersonificatione.g. 1) Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand. (Para. 1)Hyperbolee.g. the population explosion (Para. 5)Metaphor1)another ghostly image (Para. 6)2)these ghosts in the sky (Para. 8)Metonymy1)the relationship between the two superpowers (Para. 23)Unit 5Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.IV: Rhetorical devices悬念). The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.A sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end; 周期句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（尤其是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句a) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.(p.79)b) Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. (p.80)c) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia…he is woefully mistaken.(p80, L22)d) When I awoken on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the news…invasion of Russia.(p.77)making an assertion in a striking and lively way.E.g. …but can you doubt what our policy will be?We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80)b) we shall fight him by landwe shall fight him by seawe shall fight him in the air. (p.80)c) behind all this glarebehind all this storm I see…(p.80)d) I see the Russian soldiers standing…I see them guarding…I see the ten thousand villages…I see advancing upon…(p.79)a) From this nothing will turn us—nothing P. 80to a sentenceWe have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (p.78)He has so long thrived and prospered. (p.81)We will never parley, we will never negotiate…(p.80)phrase introduced by like or as, as in “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare).明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或as 引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）I see also the dull…German soldiers…crawling locusts.(p79-80)used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。