1.基本的句子分类和句子核心成分简单句，复合句（用连词直接连接的两个完整的简单句，“串联句”），复杂句（主从复合句，“并联句”）不管是什么句子，既然叫做“句子”，那么意味着成分必须完整没有缺失。
既然是句子，不管是主句还是从句，都必须有谓语动词。
而且任何一个句子中，有且只有一个谓语动词。
“非谓语动词”---v-ing现在分词，v-ed过去分词，to-do改错：There are many people claim that education is quite crucial for the young generations.修改一：who claim that…修改二：claiming that…修改三：去掉there are2.5大基本句型:简单句的分类主语+谓语（常常在后面接一个副词修饰谓语动词）Time flies.//I ran.//You jump; I jump.主语+谓语+宾语I want you.//I borrow books.//I love you.主语+系动词(可接名词和形容词):be动词+感官动词（look/sound/smell/taste/feel）+get/become/turn/grow/appear/fall(asleep)/keep/stay/remain/maintain/exist(th ere exist…=there be…)…+表语（主语补足语）主语+谓语+双宾语主语+谓语+复合宾语（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语是对宾语的进一步说明，一般是名词和形容词）He gave me a book.I call him Jack.I push the door open.区别双宾语和复合宾语：双宾语的两个宾语之间没有必然的逻辑关系，而复合宾语的两个成分之间是有逻辑关系的，中间可以加be动词来进行甄别。
3.句子基本成分的概念的建立和强化主语---是一句话的中心，整句话都谈它的情况。
最简单的形式是名词。
谓语---是主语的主要情况，可表示动作，也可表示状态。
只能是动词。
宾语---表示动作的承受者，也可表示动作的结果。
最简单的形式就是名词。
表语---也叫主语补足语，和系动词一道构成谓语。
定语---修饰名词、代词。
最简单的定语就是形容词：a beautiful flower//a standardized test状语---修饰动词、形容词或副词。
最简单的状语就是副词：increase rapidly//extremely wealthy//very well4.句子翻译练习：1)这个经济危机最初在美国爆发。
The economic crisis//depression（衰退）broke out originally in America.2)跟他讲话就像对牛弹琴。
It is/seems like/is like talking to a wall/deaf that when you talk to him.It is…(主语)that/who…Taking to him is like talking to a wall. //Seeing is believing.3)忽略这个事情可能会导致严重后果。
Ignoring/To ignore/The ignorance of this matter may lead to serious consequences.4)价格会升高是确定的。
The increasing price is certain.An increase in the price is certain.It is certain that the price will increase...is certain.The price will increase.That the price will increase is certain. = It is certain that the price will increase.5)送小孩出国留学对于不少家庭来说是个沉重的经济负担.It is a heavy economic financial burden that sending children to study abroad for many families.6)大学生做兼职可以减轻父母的经济负担。
减轻：lessen/alleviate//release7)政府应该意识到他们的首要职责(primary responsibility)是帮助人民消除贫困(poverty/impoverishment )、疾病(illnesses)和文盲(illiteracy)。
Literacy/numeracy skills=be equipped with basic literacy and numeracy skills有文化，有基本的文化素养8)这个观点是年幼的孩子比青少年更容易掌握一门语言。
This point of view is a language that younger children…句型：主系表This point of view is that it is easier for younger children to master/acquire/have a good grasp of a language than teenagers.表语从句There is a fact that…同位语从句Some people believe that…宾语从句That it is easier for younger children to master a language than teenagers is obvious.= It is obvious that…主语从句名词性从句：表语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句、主语从句5.考官范文例题：Some people think that parents should teach children how to be agood member of society. Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.P1 A child’s education has never been about learning information and basic skills only. It has always included teaching the next generation how to be good members of society. Therefore, this cannot be the responsibility of the parents alone.P2：In order to be a good member of any society the individual must respect and obey the rules of their community and share their values. Educating children to understand the need to obey rules and respect others always begins in the home and is widely thought to be the responsibility of parents. They will certainly be the first to help children learn what is important in life, how they are expected to behave and what role they will play in their world.6.可以作主语/宾语/表语/同位语的所有成分➢名词The economic crisis first broke out in the United States.➢动名词短语doing文段里面的句子，或：Talking to him is talking to a wall.➢带to不定式to do sthTo ignore this might have serious consequences.➢主语从句: 分三种形式1)由that引导的主语从句她成为一个艺术家主要是由于他父亲的影响。
That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.价格将会上升是一定的。
That prices will go up is certain.//It is certain that prices will go up.2)由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句: 连接代词包括who，which; 连接副词包括when，why，how，whether他什么时候回来很大程度上取决于天气。
When he will be back depends much on whether.这是怎样做的是一个谜。
How this was done was a mystery.派谁去还没有决定。
Who is to be sent there hasn’t been decided.我们能够成功还要拭目以待。
Whether we will succeed remains to be seen.3)由关系代词what引导的主语从句你应该做的是选择一家公司进行投资。
What you should do is to choose a company to invest in.P3: However, learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. At school, children will experience working and living with people from a whole variety of backgrounds from the wider society. This experience should（教他们如何相互合作以及如何对他们的社区做贡献）________________________________________________________________________________ ___________表语从句例子：这个问题是谁应该对发生了的事情负责。