Chapter 3 solutions and solubility溶液和溶解度3.1 Types of Solutions 溶液的类型Ⅰ.Key terms 关键词Solution 溶液Solvent 溶剂Solutes 溶质Concentrated solution 浓溶液Diluted solution 稀溶液Aqueous solution 水溶液Miscible 相溶Immiscible 不相溶Alloys 合金Saturated solution 饱和溶液Unsaturated solution 不饱和溶液II.Topics 知识点·What is solution?A homogeneous mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes. 溶液是由一种溶剂和一种或多种溶质组成的混合物。

·What is solvent?A substance that has other substances dissolved in it.溶剂是其它物质能够溶解在其中的物质。

·What is solute?A substance that is dissolved in a solution.溶质是溶解在溶液中的物质。

·What is concentrated solution?A solution that has a higher proportion of solute to solvent than a dilute solution.浓溶液是溶质与溶剂比例比稀溶液高的溶液。

·What is dilute solution?It has a lower proportion of solute to solvent than a concentrated solution.稀溶液是溶质与溶剂比例比浓溶液低的溶液。

·A solution can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid.·An aqueous solution is a solution in which water is the solvent.水溶液是指水作为溶剂的溶液。

·What is miscible?A term used to describe substances that are able to combine with each other in any proportion用来描述物质能够互相以任意比例溶合的词汇。

·What is immiscible?A term used to describe substances that are not able to combine with each other in a solution.用来描述物质不能够彼此溶合的词汇。

·What is alloys?solid solutions of metals are called alloys.金属形成的固体溶液叫做合金。

·What is solubility?the mass of solute that dissolves in a given quanity of solvent at a specific temperature.在一定的温度下，溶于固定量溶剂中的溶质的质量。

·What is saturated solution?A solution in which no more of a particular solute can be dissolved at a specific temperature.在一定温度下，不能再溶解特定溶质的溶液。

·What is unsaturated solution?A solution in which more of a particular solute can bedissolved at a specific temperature.在一定温度下，能够再溶解特定溶质的溶液。

Ⅲ.Practices1.Give examples of each type of solution.(a) solid solution(b) liquid solution(c) gaseous solution (at room temperature)2.Explain the term “homogeneous mixture.”3.Imagine you are given a filtered solution of sodium chloride. How can you decide whether the solution is saturated or unsaturated?4.Distinguish between the following terms: soluble, miscible, and immiscible.5.You are given three liquids. One is a pure substance, and the second is a solution of two miscible liquids. The third is a solution composed of a solid solute dissolved in a liquid solvent. Describe the procedure you would follow to distinguish among the three solutions.6.What type of solute dissolves in a polar solvent, such as water? Give an example.3.2 Factors That Affect Rate of Dissolving and Solubility 影响溶解速率和溶解度的因素Ⅰ.Key terms 关键词rate of dissolving 溶解速率dipole 偶极dipole-dipole attraction 偶极间作用力hydrogen bonding 氢键ion-dipole attractions 离子偶极间作用力hydrated 水合的electrolyte 电解质non-electrolytes 非电解质Ⅱ.Topics 知识点·What is rate of dissolving?The speed at which a solute dissolves in a solvent.溶质溶解在溶剂中的速率。

·Factors That Affect the Rate of Dissolvinga.for most solid solutes, the rate of dissolving is greaterat higher temperatures.对于大多数的固体溶质，温度越高溶解速率越大。

b.Agitating a mixture by stirring or by shaking the container increases the rate of dissolving.通过搅拌混合物或者摇动容器来增加溶解速率。

c.Decreasing the size of the particles increases the rate of dissolving.减小微粒来增加溶解速率。

·The Process of Dissolving at the Molecular LevelStep 1 The forces between the particles in the solid must be broken.This step always requires energy. In an ionic solid, the forces that are holding the ions together must be broken. In a molecular solid, the forces between the molecules must be broken.固体微粒间的作用力被打破。

这个步骤一定需要能量。

在离子固体中，使离子结合的作用力必须被打破。

在分子固体中，分子间的作用力必须被打破。

Step 2 Some of the intermolecular forces between the particles in theliquid must be broken. This step also requires energy. 一些液体分子间的作用力必须被打破。

这个步骤也是需要能量的。

Step 3There is an attraction between the particles of the solid and the particles of the liquid. This step always gives off energy.固体微粒和液体微粒间形成作用力。

这个步骤一定是放出能量的。

·The solubility about Polar and Non-Polar SubstancesLike dissolve in like相似相溶·What is dipole ?A dipole consists of two opposite charges that are separated by a short distance.偶极包括了两个相距一段很短距离的相反价极。

·Solubility and Intermolecular ForcesThe attraction between the opposite charges on two different polar molecules is called a dipole-dipole attraction.在两个极性分子的相反价极间存在的作用力叫做偶极间作用力。

Dipole-dipole attractions are intermolecular—they act between molecules. Usually they are only about 1% as strong as an ionic or covalent bond.偶极间作用力是分子间力——它们存在于分子之间。