The chief executive：represents the monarch （首席执政官代表君主）
Regime(政体)：democratic republic （民主共和政体）
Citizen conference：represents citizens （公民大会代表平民） The senate：represents the nobility (元老院代表贵族)
3、Sports and entertainment
The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius ("Field of Mars"), which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and racing. Equestrian sports（马术）, throwing, and swimming were also preferred physical activities. In the countryside, pastime included fishing and hunting. Board games played in Rome include dice（掷骰子） (Tesserae or Tali), Roman Chess (Latrunculi), Roman Checkers , Tictac-toe（一字棋）, and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula, predecessors of backgammon（五子棋）. There were several other activities to keep people engaged like chariot races, musical and theatrical performances.
服 和共 时 上 这 饰 制和 期 反 一 更 外时 ， 映 风 多 衣期 真 了 格 地 的进 正 当 特 表 君入 的 时 点 现 主帝 大 的 的 了 制国 权 社 成 贵 ，时 由 会 因 族 这期 贵 现 与 的 一， 族 实 古 爱 时这 控 。 罗 好 期时 制 公 马 。 一实 ， 元 的 切行 实 前 社 都元 质 会 要首 是 政 为政 贵 年 治 政治 族 罗 是 治， 共 马 相 服它 和 由 关 务实 国 王 的 ，质 。 政 ， 艺上 公 时 并 术是 元 期 在 亦一 前 进 一 不种 入 定 例披 共 程 外着 年 和 度 ，共 由 509 27
Roman Kingdom
The Roman Kingdom was the period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories.
城市标志：母狼雕塑 Capitoline Wolf 、贵族寡头政治 王政时期“是罗马由氏族制社会向国家政权过渡的时期，这时期名义上的最 高统治者为王，但是也要受公民大会和元老院的限制！ 在王政时代，国王掌握绝对的权力。他是大立法官、军队的首领、大祭祀长， 其权力仅仅受到来自元老院和公民大会的遏制。元老院就是元老议会，由不同 部族首脑组成。按照宪法和传统习俗，元老院有权通过或否决国王的任命以及 判定国王的立法和诉讼。公民大会由罗马的全体男性公民构成，按照亲缘关系 分成30组；它授予君主行使权力，而这一点由元老院最后正式批准。
Legend:建城传说 The Capitoline Wolf is a bronze sculpture of a she-wolf(母狼) suckling（哺乳） twin infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. According to the legend, when Numitor, grandfather of the twins Romulus（罗穆卢斯） and Remus(瑞摩斯), was overthrown by his brother Amulius(阿穆利乌斯), the usurper (篡位者)ordered the twins to be cast into the Tiber River. They were rescued by a she-wolf who cared for them until a herdsman, Faustulus, found and raised them. The Capitoline Wolf has been housed since 1471 in the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Campidoglio (the ancient Capitoline Hill), Rome, Italy.
Roman culture
Roman Kingdom 罗马王政时期 罗马历史回顾 History
Roman Republic 罗马共和国时期
Roman Empire 罗马帝国时期
Roman culture
1、Latin literature 拉丁文学 2、Law civilization 法律文明 罗马文明成就 Achievements 3、Architecture 建筑 4、Sculpture 雕塑 5、Painting 绘画 6、Others 其他
罗马人最喜欢的喜剧是笑剧和哑剧
Roman Empire
概况： 主要事件 前60年，克拉苏、凯撒、庞培秘密结盟，共同控制罗马政局，史称前三头同盟。 前53年，克拉苏战死于安息。前48年，尤利乌斯· 凯撒在内战中击败庞培，被宣布 为终身独裁官，集军政大权于一身。他厉行改革，但因独裁统治而招致政敌仇视， 在前44年3月15日遭以布鲁图所领导的元老院成员刺杀。 凯撒死后，罗马内战又起。前43年，安东尼、雷必达、屋大维公开结盟，获得统 治国家5年的合法权力 ，史称后三头同盟。随后屋大维将另外两人打败，于前27 年元老院授与屋大维“奥古斯都”的尊号，建立元首制。屋大维大权在握成为事 实上的皇帝，罗马共和国结束了，古罗马进入看帝国时代。自“奥古斯都”开创 帝国制度（公元前27年），至君士坦丁十一世时君士坦丁堡被土耳其人攻陷 （1453年）为止，存在将近1500年。 The 200 years that began with Augustus' rule is traditionally regarded as the Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman peace").It was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Since it was established by Augustus, it is sometimes called Pax Augusta. Its span was approximately 206 years (27 BC to 180 AD) according to Encyclopedia Britannica or from 70 AD to 192 AD according to The Cambridge Ancient History.
Review 历史回顾: 王政时期 共和时期 帝国时期 西罗马帝国灭亡 东罗马帝国灭亡 1453年 476年
395年分裂
前500年
前27年
传说公元前754年－753年，古代罗马人罗穆卢斯在台伯河畔建罗马城，开创了 王政时代，先后有7个王。公元前509年或前510年王政时代结束，选举两名执政 官，建立起由罗马贵族掌权的罗马共和国。罗马发动大规模扩张战争，于1世纪 前后扩张成为横跨欧洲、非洲称霸地中海的庞大罗马帝国。到395年，罗马帝国 分裂为东西两部。西罗马帝国亡于476年。而东罗马帝国（即拜占庭帝国）则在 1453年被奥斯曼帝国所灭。
相互钳制相互制约的制度 The mutual clamping mutual restraint system
2、Clothing
Men typically wore a toga(宽外袍), and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga（托加）, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark material, whereas the tunic worn by patricians was of linen or white wool.A knight or magistrate would wear an augusticlavus, a tunic bearing small purple studs. Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes, called tunica laticlavia. Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians. Boys, up until the festival of Liberalia, wore the toga praetexta, which was a toga with a crimson or purple border. The toga virilis, (or toga pura) was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome. The toga picta was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield. The toga pulla was worn when in mourning.