动词时态和语态（2）一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。

1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。

They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。

1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。

2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China.（2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。

如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。

宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.练习二、动词时态与语态（2）53. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.A. are to be heldB. is to be heldC. are holdingD. will hold54. I'm sorry, sir. Your recorder isn't ready yet. It _____ in the factory.A. is being repairedB. is repairedC. has been repairedD. hasn't repaired55. Every possible means , but none prove successful.A. has triedB. has been triedC. is being triedD. tried56. _______ that they can pass the written exam this time.A. That is hopedB. It is hopedC. That hopesD. It hopes57. My little sister has broken my watch. ---- My watch _____ by my little sister.A. is brokenB. has brokenC. have been brokenD. has been broken58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.---- His room _____ by him when I entered the room.A. was being cleanedB. was cleanedC. was being cleaningD. has been cleaned59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.---- This novel _____ reading (by me) by dinner time.A. will have finished .B. will has been finishedC. will have being finishedD. will have been finished60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. ----These three rooms______ (by you).A. are oughted to keep cleanB. ought to kept cleanC. ought to be kept cleanD. ought to have been kept clean61. You are about to write a poem, aren't you? ---- A poem _____ (by you), _____ ?A. is about to be written, aren't youB. is about to be writing, isn’t itC. is about to be writing, aren't youD. is about to be written, isn’t it62. She had better leave a note to him. ---- A note _____ to him (by her).A. had better leftB. had be better leftC. had better be leftD. had better been left63. He doesn't do his homework every day. ---- His homework ______ by him every day.A. doesn't be doneB. aren't doneC. don't be doneD. isn’t done64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. ---- Our parents______ when they are old.A. must be taken careB. must be took carsC. must take care ofD. must be taken care of65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. ---- He _____ because he is a liar.A. is looked downB. is looked down uponC. looks down uponD. looks down66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.---- A dictionary ______ me by Father on my birthday.A. shall be given toB. will giveC. shall give toD. will be giving to67. We elected her leader. ---- She by us.A. is elected leaderB. was leader electedC. was elected leaderD. leader was elected68. ---- People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes.---- Why are all of the______?A. grey painted mailboxesB. mailboxes grey paintedC. mailboxes painted greyD. painted grey mailboxes69. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.A. is seen enterB. is seen to enterC. was seen to enterD. was seen enter70. The question asked by him is hard _____ .A. to answerB. to be answeredC. to be answeringD. for answer71. How sweet the music ______!A. sounds to beB. is soundedC. is sounded to beD. sounds72. In warm weather fruit and meat ______ long.A. don't keepB. cannot be keptC. are not keptD. are not keeping73. He received a telegram ___ "Mother Sick."A. writtenB. saidC. readingD. writing74. The classroom ______ 30 feet long.A. measuresB. is measuredC. hasD. has length75. Do you remember ______ ?A. how it is doneB. it how to be doneC. How is it done byD. how to do76. to have been rich.A. They sayB. It is saidC. He is saidD. That was said77. Mathematics is difficult ______.A. to learnB. for learningC. to be learnedD. of learning78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barber's shop and______.A. have to cut itB. have it cutC. get it to be cutD. to cut it79. The pencil ______ well.A. writesB. is writtenC. was writtenD. writing80. ---- I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.A. to examine your eyesB. to have your eyes examinedC. to have examined your eyesD. to be examined your eyes81. ---- Where is the coffee table? ---- Tom just had it ____ away.A. moveB. movingC. movedD. moves82. Good medicine ______ to the mouth.A. tastes bitterB. tastes bitterlyC. is tasted bitterD. is tasted bitterly83. Which girl won the prize? _____A. By which girl is the prize won?B. Which girl was the prize won?C. By which girl did she win the prize?D. By which girl was the prize won?84. --- Where did you get that handsome picture? ---- It was _____ by my father.A. given for usB. a gift to usC. given to usD. a gift for us85. A young hen is ______ a chicken.A. namedB. knownC. spelledD. called86. ---- How does Alma like her new work? ---- She ______ with the hour.A. can't satisfyB. isn't satisfiedC. doesn't satisfyD. hasn't satisfied87. ---- Why do you call your son Mouse? ---- He wants ______ by the name.A. to callB. to be calledC. to be callingD. being called88. His idea, though good, needs ______ out.A. being triedB. to tryC. triedD. to be tried89. The man living in the next door is known _____the police.A. withB. toC. byD. of90. Cotton is first made ______ thread and then it was woven ______ cloth.A. up of, up ofB. into, intoC. of, ofD. from, from91. ______ here last night.A. Something strange was happenedB. Strange something was happenedC. Something strange happenedD. Strange something happened92. ---- I'd like to buy that coat. ---- I'm sorry, _____.A. it was soldB. it's sellingC. it's been soldD. it had been sold93. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but_____.A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years literB. until two centuries more it was used in warC. not used in war until two hundred years laterD. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards94. The five-year-old girl by her parents.A. is lookedB. has looked forC. is being looked forD. has been looked。