基础法律概念辨析一、引言【提要)在英嘩汉各专业刑译匆清.恐怕菲铤律詡评其属袪律英请申专业术诺爭、履念星朵*蓋别魅殴.再加f旬子奇氏、百旧閒泛沽.奩诺就闽充斥…… 即便是權具蛊劈的律者.柱往姑法律翻谱重而却涉-本丈主喪为袪荐翻捧铺蹈.笔脣从法澤翻榻人関的实開佛聲出谊"从(sai£術墓本怯律IK念和可怯程序人手. 祈序何进.深人找出,对译者用容晶感別18浦的敢百个英文边律吃也诃汇的槪念进廿嗣释,并介紹其最莘本的译迭,旨在为JT算从爭法律匍译咸对达律翻译有兴趣的人士堤供一牛比较系堆的人门指导。
二、刑事罪名及概念辨析普通法依据罪行的严重性,把罪行分为三等,即treason叛国罪、felony重刑罪/重罪, misdemeanour非重刑罪/轻罪失当行为(misfeasa nee),失职行为(deli nque ncy),犯规/违反行为(violatio n )相对而言的轻刑罪有:adlilkry/loniical i<Mi 逼奸罪)甬则曲扰绸耳罪)TIU i*ance (畫拙•金害罪乂IxiU^ry (jtP wiFf-liRttpry )[蝦打牺人肆〕tnHmid^iira 窟吓罪)hUckmajl潮累罪)eitort ion〔助迫勒索罪)bribeiy (Jtf J© )bu 昨! r (ESJff )Hodomy i骂灯罪)fcrniBtiofi(K傭耶1Hbd〔诗请罪)山ndering[(口契请确罪]lie血Ixtivn用公竝罪)cinNyAleniem ® 占罪}encnhactimenl 锻占罪>(uls+- J9 1 4X>Llltbl|jZ 1造畛旺罪)伽II I厭诈罪}rarkHe*rinjt 膵SS,勒奚3f )(赌馆罪)hid『fFnl 尸x 卩ci^iirr ®g»«罪/粗狂冇为罪)Kr™ iriik 贾曰阳「严E8!g罪)|和“|讪“匚川琥馆罪1ilK CHl I乱惟罪)loilfTinp 1 游瘠罪)money LtunJ^懺愿鞍罪)p<?rjur> ' SUE罪)pen«n・l泅n CfK存眉充罪pNM UTP^nl虚致仙人作非注性行为罪)箱atwrasMUiitnil (ttM扰罪)血皿|爲窃罪)ir-r.^pflwinn I任入行为'JS入罪*以香港为例,prostitution合法,但经营色情场所(vice establishments),引诱他人做出不当的行为(soliciting for immoral purposes ),以及依靠他人卖淫收入为生(living on the earnings ofprostitution of others)均属刑事罪行。
介绍卖淫或拉皮条(procurement)者(pander)犯的是很普通的轻罪。
但在内地则为重罪。
各地重刑罪:arson (纵火罪);conspiracy (串谋罪);genocide (种族灭绝罪);hijacking (绑架/劫持罪);infanticide (杀婴罪);man-slaughter(误杀罪);mutiny (煽动兵变罪);murder (谋杀罪);narcotics trafficking (贩毒罪);riot (骚乱罪);robbery (抢劫罪);sexual assault (性攻击罪),smuggling (走私/偷运罪),torture (虐待罪),treason (叛国罪)。
The convicted (已经定罪的)三、刑事诉讼程序以及刑罚疑犯(suspect),犯罪分子(criminal element)步骤:1、逮捕证(arrest warrant),搜查证(search warrant)2、拘留(deta in /take into custody)Prima facie evidenee (表面证据)人证和物证 witness 或 human evidenee ; physical evidenee 但不是 material evideneeIf one Party hereto commits any material breach of this agreeme nt, and fails to remedy the breach within thirty (30) days of notice from the other Party requesting it to remedy such breach (if capable of remedy), the other Party may term in ate this Agreeme nt immediately by no tice to the Party in breach. ”如果本协议一方实质性违反本协议,且在另一方向其发出要求其纠正违约行为(若可以纠正)的通知后三十(30)日内未予以纠正,则另一方可向违约方发出通知立即终止本协议。
Alibi “不在犯罪现场的证据”Criminal detention 刑事拘留,行政拘留( executive detention ),民事司法拘留(judicial detention) 区分概念,执法、司法和立法执法部门( law enforcement department )公安局“ Bureau of public security ”, 派出所( Police station )检控(Prosecution),检察院(procuratorate)检控和判刑合在一起称为司法( judicial proceeding )立法机构( Legislator/lawmaker )公诉( indictment )Plead guilty (罪名),陪审团制度,无罪推定(presumption of innocenee ),举证责任(burden of proof),保持缄默(remain silent in court ).3、保释金( police bail ),交出旅行证件( surrender one's travel documents)聆讯(hearing)或庭审(trial)期间,需定期到警署报到。
4、出庭代讼( advocacy)5、初审( preliminary hearing )原告即控方 ( plaintiff/prosecutors )须在庭上提供证词 ( testimony )和/或物证或证物( physical evidence/exhibit )以证明被告或辩方犯有某项被指控的罪行。
当然,控方(尤其是警方)通常都会在案发的第一时间对疑犯展开质询 ( interrogation ),而对有关证人 ( witness, deponent) 展开的取证问话, 则往往会用询问( examination )一词。
倘若控辩双方都对证人提出质询(通常由反方律师提问) ,该过程则称作盘问( cross-examination )。
安排疑犯出庭称作提审( arraignment )。
倘若是在押疑犯,审讯不可能一次完成,法官往往会将案件押后( be adjourned)审理。
疑犯会被押回拘留所(detention centre)。
这后一个程序叫还押监房(to be remanded in custody )。
班房、监房、监狱(ward),看守所(detention centre),监狱(Prison),囚室(cell)陪审团的 verdict 和法官的 judgment, sentence, ruling在香港,法官被称为:adjudicator,也可以叫 magistrate (裁判官)。
法官的判案也可以用的有Judge, adjudge, adjudicate, pass judgment, 也可以是 decide, condemn, convict, rule, sentence 等。
拘役 ( criminal detention )劳动改造 ( labour reform)行政处分 ( administrative sanction)强制劳动 (forced labour)强制改造 (coercive remoulding)监督劳动改造 (labour reform under surveillance) 纪律处分 (disciplinary action/punishment) 公审 (adjudicate in public) 处决 (execute)宣誓( swear an oath)I solemnly swear to God that I tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth.四、民事诉讼基本程序及有关重要概念绝大部分民事纠纷都与合同的违约( breach of contract )、侵权( tort/wrong )、个人伤害(personal injury )、遗嘱(will )的认证(probation)和执行(execution)以及由离婚案所引致的离异配偶及子女的抚养费(alimony , maintenance)问题有关。
3.时效( limitation )(三 ) 诉状( Pleadings)诉状不包括上诉书/呈请书(petition )、传票(summons)或入禀前的预备行为,也不包括证词,但包括1、申索书( Statement of Claim )2、答辩书 /辩护书( Statement of Defence)3、答复书( Reply)4、反申索书 /反告书( counterclaim )5、反申索答辩书( Defence to the counterclaim )(五 )、庭审( Trial )、丄”・“送达”serviceServe a writ,或 serve a court order,或 serve an injunction or restraining order 。
上诉 (Appeal)香港:裁判法院( the Magistrates Court) 小额钱债审裁处( the Small Claims Tribunal ) 劳资审裁处( the Labour Tribunal ) 土地审裁处( the Lands Tribunal ) 淫亵物品审裁处( the Obscene Articles Tribunal ) 死因裁判法庭( the Coroner'sCourt) 少年法庭( the Juvenile Court)上一级的法庭为区域法庭( District Court) 高等法院 [( High court ) ]其中设有上诉法庭和原诉法庭( the court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance ) 以及终审法院( the Court of Final Appeal )香港的终审法庭是英国的枢密院( British Privy Council )上诉人 (appellant) 被上诉人( appellee)将案件驳回(rema nd)到下级法庭或要求重审(retry),等于说quash the in dictme nt, reverse appellant's conviction 或者 conviction is overturned.。