二语习得的研究综述
II. The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
We will start with the 1950s and 1960s and a short description of how second languages were believed to be learnt at the time. We will then describe the impact of the ‘Chomskyan revolution’ in linguistics on the field of language acquisition, initially on the study of first language acquisition, and subsequently that of second language acquisition.
focus their teaching on structures which were believed to
be difficult, and as we saw above, difficult structures
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
行为主义是心理学的一个理论，说明人和动 物的行为只能且必须从生理过程的角度来研 究，受它影响而产生的学习理论解释了人是 如何受外部事件（刺激）的影响产生行为变 化（反应）而不需要“意向” 或“意念”或 任何内心行为等概念。
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Chomskyan Revolution
以转换 – 生成语法著称的乔式语言结构理论。1957年 因他的《句法结构》的发表而使语言学研究革命化。 到 60年代中期，Chomsky开始强调语言对研究人类心 灵所起的关键作用。他认为语言学应视为认知心理学 的一个分支，这一观点主要在《语言与心理》中作了 论证。正是他思想的这一方面广泛吸引了语言学以外 的学者，特别是在哲学界和心理学界。
is obtained. Through repeated reinforcement, a certain stimulus will elicit
the same response time and again, which will then become a habit. The
learning of any skill is as the formation of habits, that is the creation of
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Behaviorism
A theory of psychology which states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of physical processes only (including language) It led to theories of learning which explained how an external event ( ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ stimulus) caused a change in the behavior of an individual ( a response) without using concepts like “mind” or “ideas”, or any kind of mental behavior.
stimulus-response pairings which become stronger with reinforcement.
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
xx From a teaching point of view, the implications of this approach were twofold. First, it was strongly believe that
exposed to numerous stimuli in their environment. The response they give to
such stimuli will be reinforced if successful, that is if some desired outcome
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The Recent History of Second Language Learning Research
Behaviorism in Linguistics
In the behaviorist view, language leaning is seen like any other kind of
leaning, as the formation of habits. It stems from work in psychology
which saw the learning of any kind of behavior as being based on the
notions of stimulus and response. This view sees human beings as being
practice makes perfect; in other words, learning would
take place by imitating and repeating the same
structures time after time. Second, teachers needed to