Name Identity Description The relationship between an individual and the group The extent to which people feel that power is unequally distributed between them and institutions The equality of role distribution between gender, where equally distributed is meant to be feminine. The extent to which people feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations The degree people value the future or truth and the past or virtue Extremes Individualism Collectivism Large – Small Power Distance
Hierarchy
Gender
Femininity Masculinity
Truth
Strong – Weak Uncertainty Avoidance
Virtue
Hale Waihona Puke Long – Short Term Orientation
Stereotyping
• What is stereotyping?
– A form of categorisation that organises our experience towards groups in society – Never accurate; it describes a behavioural norm within a group
• • • • gives a broader view to intercultural conflict is additional to the presentation includes cultural self-awareness has a more academic view
National Culture
Communication: Don’t take your perception for granted
> We all bring assumptions to the communication
process > Much of our communication is unconscious > We see, what we expect to see > We don’t see, what we don’t expect to see > We all perceive things differently
• Before you communicate ask yourself: „Can my counterpart understand what I am saying?“ • Establish context and relations by creating commonalities like:
Agreement to Interchange
... is a negotiation process with several steps
Preparation Relationship Building Exchange of task-related information Persuasion Concessions agreement
• Remember Cooperation Guidelines:
– Different behaviours and opinions are not better or worse – just different – Respect is earned – Smooth cooperation depends on reciprocity
Conflict Behaviour -Roles, Organisational Structure, Procedures
Conflict Situation
Problem
Behaviour
Process
Problem:
-Facts -Position -Issues -Interest
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
cards, pictures of your family, ... > Send a culturegram > Send all the information you have about the group, be open, be honest!
IIC ideas – more LIC tasks
IIC ideas
LIC – LIC communication
> Communicate often, at least monthly > Answer within 3 days > Establish a second communication line > Send information about your city, Christmas
>Establish a leaders communication as soon
as you have them > Encourage Participant/Family communication > Keep your NIC updated > Advice partner LIC and own NIC when you are going on holidays > Don’t forget about the use of telephone voice-to-voice can overcome difficulties
– – – – Rephrase and use different words Visualize complicated expressions Ask for a summary in his/her own words Ask for an e-mail, instead of using the phone
Example of stereotyping
• North-West Europe, US
– Issues are separated from people. (People can have an open argument and still maintain a friendly relationship afterwards) – Public disagreement is acceptable – Fact-based, confrontational response to conflicts, which is viewed from an intellectual point of view
Who communicates?
IIC NIC 1
NA 1
IO NIC 2
NA 2
LIC 1
Chapter 1
LIC 2
Chapter 2
Leaders 1 Families and participants 1
Leaders 2 Families and participants 1
Appendix: Intercultural Conflicts
– – – – – CISV experience Eating or cooking Raising children Same profession Same hobbies
Get Buy-in and Feedback
• If your communication partner doesn’t understand, don’t just repeat:
Religion Political Philosophy Social Structure Culture: Norms and Value Systems
Language
Economic Philosophy
Education + Geography + Climate
C.W.L. Hill, International Business, 2001, p. 81
Conflict Triangle (ABC & PPP Model)
People:
-Personalities -Values -Past History -Relationships -Abilities
Attitudes
People
Process:
-Communication Style -Cultural Norms of
• Stereotyping is only helpful when:
– – – – Consciously held First best guess Seen as descriptive, not evaluative Modified based on further observation
Feedback Sender encode meaning Medium message Receiver decode meaning
noise culture other personality
Communication style
• direct vs. indirect clarity vs. group harmony/face saving/respect • Direct communicators would not expect the following to mean „no“: