装备学院2012 年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分100 分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points , 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. He was ____ a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.A. rewardedB. awardedC. promisedD. admittedTall and ______ , with close-cropped hair, Austin looks like anyone else on the track team.A. allergicB. confusedC. slenderD. splendidThe problem of ________ injury and sickness received a good deal of publicity and attention this year.A. careerB. professionalC. occupationalD. employmentThree ________ of workers produce machines that reduce tree branches to wood chips.A. shiftsB. shuttlesC. treatiesD. treadsIt is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business, while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A. practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managersThe _______ between direct and non-direct investment is thus meant to focus on the issue of control.A. distinctB. distinguishC. discriminationD. distinctionThe old gentleman _________ to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A. turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned outWith its share of the market falling sharply, Vermeer opened a plant in Beijing, taking a Chinese partner and drawing help for the _________ from the Chinese.A. adventureB. ventureC. featureD. fractureThe wealthier nations ______ deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.9.A. rejectedB. deniedC. withheldD. deprived10. His casual clothes were not ______ for such a formal occasion.A. appropriateB. grantedC. conspicuousD. noble11. The focus of the conference was the application of computer-game technologies andenvironments to real -world business problems.A. properB. outsideC. virtualD. inside12. The most _____ explanation is that professors are not particularly interested in students'welfare.A. plausibleB. clarifiedC. respectfulD. indifferent13. The manufacturers rely increasingly on governments, here and abroad, to expand. A. profound B. prosperC. extractD. conquer14. The Obama _____ hasn ' t tried tf o rmulate policy that far into the future.A. managementB. governmentC. administrationD. parliament15. While _______ the cause of the accident to one part, the commission also raised broaderconcerns about quality control.A. exploringB. consultingC. completingD. narrowing16. The commission recommendedthat the space agency ___ program for engine parts.A. put into actionB. put into effectC. take into actionD. take into action17. The _________ significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the directancestor of the human genus.A. principleB. effectiveC. principalD. affective18. The analysis is not complete and Dominion _____ no numbers to the public.A. releasedB. publishedC. confessedD. dominated19. The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not re-election. A. admirable B. eligibleC. reliableD. capable20. The rocks above the cave have gradually _____ away, bringing the fossils to the surface.A. trackedB. tracedanda better quality-controlforC. emergedD. erodedPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? __21__ an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to __22__ the news.Newspapers have one basic __23__, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. __24__ did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the __25__ and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapersto branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers __26__ of the latest news, today's newspapers__27__ and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices __28__ advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very __29 __. Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to __30__ even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main __31__ of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The __32__ in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This __33__ in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends __34__ on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city,untry, state, nation, and world, and even __35__ space.21. A. Mean while B. Just when C. Soon after D. Before then22. A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring23. A. reason B. cause C. purpose D. problem24. A. How B. So C. More D. What25. A.value B. ratio C. rate D. speed26. rm B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed27. A.entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit28. A. on B. through C. with D. of29. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose30. A. spend B. cover C. earn D. realize31. A. source B. origin C. course D. finance32. A. way B. means C. chance D. success33. A. measures B. is measured C. measured D. was measured34. A. somewhat B. little35. A. far B. farther Part III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Readeach passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the CapeVerde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.36. The eye of the hurricane is _______ .A. the powerful center of the stormB. the relatively calm center of the stormC. the part that determines its directionD. the center of low pressure37. Which of the following statements is true?A. A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.C. much C. outD. something D. outerB. A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C. Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D. It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.38. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms39. The low-lying areas refer to those regions that ________ .A. close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane40. Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A. taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. covering windowsD. equipping the house with stonesPassage 2On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperate office workers -- were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris 碎（片） began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. But healing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling, while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41. According to paragraph 1, the author 's office was ________ .A. at Washington HeightsB. just beside the World Trade CenterC. in the South Street SeaportD. far from the WTC42. The passage tells us that the author ____ .A. was a social workerB. worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC. was asked to take some pictures of WTCD. ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43. What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A. People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.B. A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C. There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.D. He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44. What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A. He watched in horror and cried, but couldn 't move.B. He ran nearer to help out.C. He ran nearer to take pictures.D. He ran away to try to find a shelter.45. In the last paragraph, the author 's attitude is that ______ .A. different people have different ideasB. people shouldn 't walk with expressionless facesC. people should go back to work immediatelyD. however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forwardPassage 3We can begin our discussion of “ population as global issue ” with what most pe when they discuss “the population problem ”: too many people on earth and a too rapid in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes. ”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditionsthat traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increasedfrom some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world ' s population each year. At pre number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.46. Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thin powderfuse analogy?A. A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B. A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C. Too many people on earth and some rapid increase in the number added each year.D. A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.47. During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause___.A. only one in ten persons could live past 40.B. there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C. it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D. our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.48. Which statement is true about population increase?A. There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B. About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C. Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D. The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.49. The word “ demographic ” in the first paragraph means___.A. statistics of humanB. surroundings studyC. accumulation of humanD. development of human50. The author of the passage intends to___.A. warn people against the population explosion in the near futureB. compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C. find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD. present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growthPassage 4Auct ions are public sales of goods, con ducted by an officially approved auct ion eer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auctionroom to make offers, or “ bids ” , for the various iton sale. He en courages buyers to bid higher figures, and fin ally n ames the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “ knocking down ” the goods, for the bidding endsauct ion eer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he sta nds. This is ofte n set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ? The an cie nt Roma ns probably inven ted sales by auct ion, and the En glish word comes from the Lati n auctio, meaning “ in crease ” . The Roma ns usually so in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “ undethespear ” , a spear being stuck in tlground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “ by thecandle ” ： alit by the aucti on eer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auct ion. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and win es. Aucti on sales are also usual for land and property, an tique furn iture, pictures, rare books, old chi na and similar works of art. The aucti on rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auct ion is usually advertised beforeha nd with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and whe n they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertiseme nt cannot give full details, catalogues are prin ted, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot ” usually give n a nu mber. The auct ion eer n eed not beg in with Lot 1 and continue in nu merical order; he may wait un til he registers the fact that certa in dealers are in the room and the n produce the lots they are likely to be in terested in. The aucti on eer's services are paid for in the form of a perce ntage of the price the goods are sold for. The auct ion eer therefore has a direct in terest in push ing up the bidd ing as high as possible.The aucti on eer must know fairly accurately the curre nt market values of the goods he is selli ng, and he should be acqua in ted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by start ing the bidd ing too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in gett ing a high price by en courag ing two bus in ess competitors to bid aga inst each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve ” pricee thaow whprh the goods cannot be sold. Eve n the best aucti on eers, however, find it difficult to stop a whereby dealers illegally arra nge beforeha nd not to bid aga inst each other, but nomin ate one of themselves as the only bidder, i n the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a‘ knoclout 'omes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.51. A can dle used to bur n at aucti on sales _____ .A. because they took place at ni ghtB. as a sig nal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the aucti on eer warmD. to limit the time whe n offers could be made52. An aucti on catalogue gives prospective buyers _______ .A. the curre nt market values of the goodsB. details of the goods to be soldC. the order in which goods must be soldD. free admissi on to the aucti on sale53. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “ lots ” out of order because ________ .A. he sometimes wants to con fuse the buyersB. he knows from experie nee that certa in people will want to buy certa in itemsC. he wants to keep certa in people wait ingD. he wants to reduce the nu mber of buyers54. An aucti on eer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ______ .A. the n he earns more himselfB. the dealers are pleasedC. the aucti on-ro oms become world famousD. it keeps the customers in terested55. A ‘ knocteut' is arranged ______ .A. to in crease the auct ion eer's profitB. to allow one dealer only to make a profitC. to keep the price in the auct ion room lowD. to help the aucti on eerSecti on B (10 poin ts, 2 points each)Directions: In this sect ion, there is a passage with five questi ons. After you have read the passage, an swer each questi on in En glish with no more tha n 15 words. Write dow n your an swer on the An swer Sheet.1. Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experienee with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billio n.2. More rece ntly they picked an un likely can didate to be their n ext Web sen sati on: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物).3. The men are tryi ng to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmark ing service that, i n its time, was popular among the tech no rati, but failed to catch on with a broader audie nee.4. “ What we pla n to do, ” Mr. Hurley said in an in terview here last week,“ isDeliciou s to the rest of the world. ”5. Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and orga nize them using a simple tagg ing system, assig ning keywords like n euroscie nceor recipes .It w as praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site ' s early pop spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005^ but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.6. I n December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hin ted that the compa ny was pla nning to sell or shut dow n the service.7. At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more than a sliver of that material in a given day.8. “ Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can 't ev Mr. Chen said. “There's a waterfall of content that you 're missing out on. ”9. He added, “ There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discoveryblpermo , and no one has got it right yet. ”10. When the men heard about Yahoo 's plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and th placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.)11. At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an ove rhaul of the site 's design and the software and the systems u to tag and organize links.12. The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips.13. The home page would feature browseable “ stacks, ” or collections of related images and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. t tosimpl“ifyWtheinwgsanvisually,mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they ' Hurley said.14. Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.15. “You're Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search, ” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provvery easy way to save those links in a collection that smoeone else can browse. ”16. They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons.17. “We know how hard it would be to build a brand, ” Mr. HDuerlliecyiosuasidle.ts us h“itthe ground running with its existing footprint. ”18. A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content —right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said.19. But Mr. Chen said the team also “likedthe idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0compa nies that started the social shari ng moveme nt on the Web. ” He added:“'sense of history. We were genuin ely sad that it would be shut dow n. ”20. Both foun ders ack no wledge that they were n everdiehard Delicious users. “I sig ned up ir2005 and I didn ' t use it again until 2011, ” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugl56. What is likely to be Chad Hurley and Steve Chen'snext web sensation according to thepassage?57. Why the author says in paragraph 2 that the sen sati on is an UNLIKELY can didate?58. How do you understand the sentence said by Mr. Hurley “ Delicious lets us hit the groundrunning with its existing footprint ” in paragraph 17?59. What does the word diehard' possibly mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?60. List no less tha n 10 words in the passage that are related with web or intern et.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: Each of the following underlined part has an error. Find out the errors in the underlined parts and without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correcti on on the An swer Sheet.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use to startate in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or(61) Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great kno wledges of topics unconn ected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any ben efit or relief.(62) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to dislike what you do. Broadly speak ing, human being may be divided as three classes (63): those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offeri ng the manu al laborer, tired out with a hard week in§ aweeffort, (64) the chanee of playing a game of footballor baseball on Saturday after noon. It is no use in vit ing the politicia n or the professi on or bus in ess man, (65) who has bee n worki ng or worryi ng about serious thi ngs for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.It may also be said that rati on al, i ndustrious, useful huma n beings are divided into two。