Section I WordsA.Match the words with the same meaning.W rite down the letters on you answer sheet.(1(1’’*6)1.epidermic2.motivate3.assume4.appealing5.controversy 6expertise A.skill or knowledge in a particular areaB.dispute,argumentC.attractiveD.an outbreak of a contagious disease thatspreads rapidly and widelyE.to provide with an incentive;impel. F.to take for granted,supposeB.Fill in the blanks with proper forms of words given in the box,one word can be usedmore than once.(1(1’’*10)evolve prepare propose minimum peer throughcheat weep address exploit except1.Not surprisingly,his was not well received,even though it seemed to agree with the scientific information available at the time..2.The little girl with disappointment when she learned that her favourite Barbie Dolls were sold out.3.The price is her,she refuses to lower it any further.4.Apes,monkeys and many other primates have fairly elaborate systems of calls for communicating with other members of their species.5.Some melodies are quite manipulative,working on our emotions very effectively,and composers have often this to the full.6.I realized I’d been when I saw the painting on sale for half the price I paid for it.7.To this problem,Counter Intelligence built a kitchen of its own and started making gagets to fill it with.8.Most birds don’t have a good sense of smell,but fish-eaters such as petrels and shearwaters are significant.9.Why bother a clear door,when you can put a camera in the oven to broadcast snapshots of the activities in the oven to a screen in another room?10.Exploration will allow us to make suitable for dealing with any dangers that we might face,and we may be able to find physical resources such as minerals.SectionⅡ.TranslationA.Translate the following sentences into English.(3(3’’*5)1.Despite the hardship he encountered,Mark never(放弃对知识的追求)2.由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。
(owing to; ignorance)3.在王先生住院期间，他的两个女儿轮流照顾他，而让我惊讶的是，他所钟爱的儿子却从未露面。
4.她很快就习惯了自己生火做饭，毕竟，哭是没有用的。
5.新发布的关于改善农村医疗系统的报告让我们相信农村地区缺医少药的时代终将结束。
（issue,bring sth to an end）B.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(3’*3)1.Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research can be applied to the development of new Technology.2.Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer,more detailed message to their audience than they can through television..3.Once we start to see people as individuals,and discard the stereotypes,we can move positively toward inclusiveness for everyone.Diversity is about coming together and taking advantages of our differences and similarities.1.5’’*40)SectionⅢReading Comprehension(1.5Passage1★Why did a promising heart drug fail?Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.1.The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels.But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of'good'cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.2.Drug company Pfizer announced on2,December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib,a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins(HDLs).In a trial of15000patients,a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.3.The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists,because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease."There have been no red flags to my knowledge,"says John Chapman,a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research(INSERM)in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib,"This cancellation came as a complete shock."4.Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs,which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body.Specifically,torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein(CETP),which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones.Statins,in contrast,mainly work by lowering the'bad'low-density lipoproteins.Under pressure5.Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired,something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer.One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients.It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug.But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure.If blood pressure is the explanation,it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound.Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.6.But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed,says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach,California.When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver,they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process.So inhibiting CETP,which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL,might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body."You're blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway,"says Kashyap.Going up7.Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients.But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.One approved drug,called niacin,is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone.Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by,for example,introducing synthetic HDLs."The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib,not the whole idea of raising HDL,"says Michael Miller, director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center,Baltimore.(613words nature)This passage has7paragraphs1-7.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-ix in boxes1-7on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi.How does torcetrapib work?ii.Contradictory result prior to the current trialiii.One failure may possibly bring about future successiv.The failure doesn‘t lead to total loss of confidencev.It is the right route to followvi.Why it’s stoppedvii.They may combine and theoretically produce ideal resultviii.What‘s wrong with the drugix.It might be wrong at the first placeExample answerParagraph1iv1.Paragraph22.Paragraph33.Paragraph44.Paragraph55.Paragraph66.Paragraph7Questions7-17-122functions..Write the correctHDLs,,statin and CETP with their functionsMatch torcetrapibtorcetrapib,,HDLsletter A,B,C or D in boxes7-12on your answer sheet.You may use any letter more than once.NBYouNB7.It has been administered to over10,000subjects in a clinical trial.8.It could help rid human body of cholesterol.9.Researchers are yet to find more about it.10.It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.11.According to Kashyap,it might lead to unwanted result if it‘s blocked.12.It produced contradictory results in different trials.List of choicesA.TorcetrapicB.HDLSC.StatinD.CETPPassage2★Don't wash those fossils!Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.1.Washing,brushing and varnishing fossils—all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike—vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.2.Instead,excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves,and freezing samples as they are found,dirt and all,concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.3.Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA,Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris,France,and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be.This information, they say,needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.4.Geigl and her colleagues looked at3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species,called an aurochs.The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times—either in1947,and stored in a museum collection,or in2004,and conserved in sterile conditions at-20oC.5.The team's attempts to extract DNA from the1947bones all failed.The newly excavated fossils,however,all yielded DNA.6.Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time,and in the same conditions, the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl."As much DNA was degraded in these 57years as in the3,200years before,"she says.Wash in,wash out7.Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone,their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA,Geigl explains.8.The biggest problem is how they are cleaned.Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath,which can allow water—and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA—to permeate into the porous bones."Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out,but contamination is getting washed in,"says Geigl.9.Most ancient DNA specialists know this already,says Hendrik Poinar,an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario,Canada.But that doesn't mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.10.Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators,says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,Germany.And that only occurs in exceptional cases,he says.11.P bo's team,which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA,continually faces these problems. "When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains,there's a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA,"he says.12.This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed,notes P bo.The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab,for example,had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way.But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations—just in case.Warm and wet13.Geigl herself believes that,with cooperation between bench and field researchers,preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.14.Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions.DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place,and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason,Geigl says,most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples, such as the woolly mammoth,or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves—including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.15.Better conservation methods,and a focus on fresh fossils,could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens,says Geigl.And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.(640words nature)GlossaryPalaeontologists古生物学家Aurochs欧洲野牛Permafrost(地理)永冻层Neanderthal(人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类Questions1313--18Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.13.How did people traditionally treat fossils?14.What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found?15.What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site?Name ONE.16.What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed?17.What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved?18.The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers.How many of them are mentioned?Questions1919--23passage..Please Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passagewrite TRUE if the statement agrees with the writerFALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage1919..In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve ancient DNA.2020..The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs.2121..Geneticists don’t have to work on site.2222..Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA.2323..Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils in traditional way.Questions2424--25Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.information””in paragraph3indicates:2424..“This information[A]It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA.[B]The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.[C]Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.[D]Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.2525..The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests:[A]the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.[B]the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered DNA.[C]the pace at which DNA degrades.[D]the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.Passage3★The Historical Context of Attitudes to WorkWork,for much of the history of the human race,has been hard and degrading.But while it has always been recognised that work is necessary for the satisfaction of material needs,attitudes towards working hard-in the absence of compulsion-have varied over the centuries.Getting on for3,000years ago,the ancient Greeks regarded work as a curse.Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle made it clear that the majority of men laboured so that the minority could engage in pure exercises of the mind-art,philosophy and politics.According to Plato,‘those who need to work must be willing to accept an inferior status.’During the Middle Ages-from about400AD until1400AD-work was still perceived negatively, though with a positive attitude toward earnings which prevented one from being reliant on the charity of others for the physical needs of life.Wealth was recognized as an opportunity to share with those who might be less fortunate,and work which produced wealth therefore became acceptable.However,any effort to accumulate excessive wealth was frowned upon.It was the duty of a worker to remain in his class,passing on his family work from father to son.With the Reformation,a period of religious and political upheaval in western Europe during the16th century,came a new perspective on work.Two key religious leaders who influenced the development of western culture during this period were Martin Luther and John Calvin,from Germany and France respectively.Building on Luther’s doctrines,John Calvin introduced a significant new attitude towards work. He taught that people’s daily life and deeds,and success in worldly endeavours,reflected their moral worth.Calvin believed that all men must work,even the rich.Men were not to wish for wealth,possessions,or easy living,but were to reinvest the profits of their labour into financing further ventures.Selection of occupation and pursuing it to achieve the greatest profit possible was considered a religious duty,even if that meant abandoning the family trade or profession. The key elements of these new beliefs about work-usually called the‘Protestant work ethic’-were hard work,punctuality,working for long-term(rather than immediate)benefits,and the great importance of work.In time,these attitudes became norms of Western culture.As the industrial revolution gathered pace in the19th century,the idea of work as a religious obligation was replaced by the concept of public usefulness.Economists warned of the poverty and decay that would befall the country if people failed to work hard,and moralists stressed the social duty of each person to be productive.Now let us fast-forward to the present,to the information age which began in the1980s.To a far greater degree than before,work is now perceived as rewarding in itself.This work ethic stresses skill,challenge,autonomy,recognition,and the quality of work produced.Autonomy has been identified as a particularly important factor in job satisfaction.Motivation to work involves trust, caring,meaning,self-knowledge,challenge,opportunity for personal growth,and dignity, instead of purely financial incentives.Workers seek control over their work-something lost with the mechanisation of the industrial age;and many contemporary jobs are conductive to meeting these needs.As a result,the work ethic has gained a personal relevance not found in most occupations in the industrial age.Some studies have identified a decline in belief that hard work will create adequate benefits.This is a significant shift,because pay and‘getting ahead’were the primary incentives management used to encourage productivity during the industrial age.To sum up,the contemporary work ethic places a positive moral value on doing a good job and is based on a belief that work has intrinsic value for its own sake.(about650words)A The highest wages should be for doing jobs that few people are willing to do.B People should be judged as human beings by how successful they are at work.C People have a duty to society to work.D People should be rewarded according to the value to society fo the work they do.E Money and promotion are the most effective ways of motivating people to work.F Society should ensure that suitable work is available to meet people’s needs.Questions2626--28Which THREE of the above attitudes towards work(A-F)are mentioned?Questions2929--35Classify the following views as being those ofA Ancient GreeceB the Middle AgeC John CalvinExample:Wealth should not stop people from working.Answer:C(Calvin believed that all men must work,even the rich.)Write the correct letterletterA,A,B or C.29.people should choose their occupation30.work gives others freedom to carry out certain non-work activities31.people should work hard32.people who earn money should help others financially33.work gives people a low position in society34.a person’s occupation should depend on the social position they are born into35.people should use money they do not need to create more money.Questions3636--40Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Work in the information age.Work is generally expected to be for its own sake.There is an emphasis on the benefits for the individual,and on the of his or her output.One of the major contributors to the enjoyment of work is A number of factors,rather than money alone,create.In many jobs,workers are able to take of what they do.There has been a significant change in the main incentives that are effective in the workplace.答案 1.D 2.E 3.F 4.C 5.B 6.A 1.proposal 2.wept 3.minimum 4.evolved 5.exploited 6.cheated7.address8.exceptions9.peering through10.preparations1.gave up prusuing knowledge/abandoned the pursuit of knowledge2.Owing to the ignorance of the disease,many people still believe that HIV victimsdeserve what they suffer.3.While Mr.Wang was in hospital,his two daughters took turns looking after him.To my amazement,his beloved son never turned up.4.She soon got accustomed to lighting the fire and cooking the meal herself.After all,crying would't do her any good.5.The newly issued report on improving the medical system in rural areas leads us tobelieve that the era is to be bought to an end when such areas are always short of doctorsand medicines1.如果这项研究的成果能够应用于新技术的开发，那么我们的努力就会有所回报/成功.2.比起电视来说，报纸是一种相对便宜的广告媒体，并且，它给广告商提供了一种比起电视来说可以给观众传达更长更有效的信息的途径。