现在完成时一、定义:表示一个动作在过去发生并对现在产生影响表示一个动作由过去发生持续到现在有可能停下,也有可能延续下去表示一个动作从过去开始发生到目前为止已经发生多次。
二、构成:现在完成时是由“助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词”构成的,其规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词则需加强记忆。
如:I have just cleaned my clothes.我刚洗过衣服。
My brother has done his homework already. 我的弟弟已经做完他的作业了。
友情提示:在现在完成时的各种结构中,have, has均为助动词,无实际意义,只起构成时态的作用,不可省略。
当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。
过去分词1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。
四点变化规则:(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,(3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped2 、不规则动词:AAA型原型过去式过去分词burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost costcut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurtput put put set set set shut shut shutspread spread spread let let letAAB型beat beat beatenABA型become became become run ran run come came come特殊情况read read readread原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/ABB型bring brought brought buy bought bought build built builtburn burnt burnt catch caught caught dig dug dugfeel felt felt fight fought foughtfind found foundlay laid laid lead led led lose lost lostmake made made meet met met sell sold soldABC型begin began begun blow blew blown break broke brokenchoose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove drivendrink drank drunk fly flew flown forgive forgave forgiven三、现在完成时的时间副词①用副词already和yet。
already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
We have already finished our homework. 我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet. 他们还没有完成作业。
②用ever “曾经”和never“从未”。
它们多用于否定或疑问句中。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗?I have never been to the Great Wall. 我从未去过长城。
③用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just, before, up to now, so far, until now, in the past few years等。
I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times in the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。
④用for+一段时间,since+时间点。
I've lived here for 15 years. 我已经在这里住十五年了。
I've lived here since 15 years ago. 自从十五年前我就住在这里了。
Mr. Green has worked here since he came to China. 自从来到中国,格林先生一直在这里工作。
三、句型转换:1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。
如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...?如:—Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗?—Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。
(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。
)—Has she arrived here?她已经到这儿了吗?—Yes, she has. 是的,她已经到了。
(No, she hasn't. 不,她还没有到这儿。
)3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如:How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次?友情提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。
如: I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句)→ Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句)四、现在完成时的用法:1. 现在完成时的“完成用法”:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作或存在的状态对现在造成的影响或结果。
也就是说现在完成时虽与过去有关,但实际上看重的是对现在的影响或结果。
例:(1)He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况——灯现在不亮了。
)(2)Who has opened the window?谁把窗子打开了?(动作发生在过去,但说明的是现在的情况——现在窗子开着呢。
)(3)I've finished my homework now.现在我已经做完作业了。
(说明可以交作业或做别的了)(4)I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。
(5)She has become a teacher. 她已经当了老师。
(说明她现在仍是老师)2. 现在完成时的“未完成用法”:指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,刚刚结束,或可能还要继续下去。
此时常与“for + 一段时间”或“since + 表过去的时间点”或“since + 从句”连用。
如:(1)He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
(动作起始于1978年,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。
)(2)I have lived here for more than 30 years.我在这儿已经住了三十多年了。
(动作开始于30多年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。
)(3)He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了。
(现在还住在这儿)(4)They've known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。
(现在还继续往来)(5)How long have you studied English?你学英语多久了?(现在仍在学)友情提示:在这类句子的肯定句中谓语动词通常用延续性动词。
终止性动词由于动作不能持续,故不能与for或since引出的时间状语连用。
但终止性动词的否定式可与这类时间状语连用。
如:I haven't met him for a long time. 我好长时间没见到他了。
五、非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换,如:fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill)begin,(start)→ be on open →be openbuy→ have get up→ be up die→ be dead go out→ be outcome→ be in close→be closedarrive→be here join→be in, be a +名词finish( end )→be over leave, move →be away, be out ofborrow →keep catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)come back→be back put on→wear 或be on例句:(1)He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
(2)His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
(3)The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
(4)We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
六、have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,I have been to Paris three times. 表明我已经去过巴黎,并且已经回来了,有过这样的经历。