《普通生态学》一、Please explain the following terms (3 points each, 18 points totally). （1）I ntroductionEcologyhabitat（2）a utoecologyniche（生态位）fundamental niche（基础生态位）competitive exlusion principle（竞争排斥原理）fitness（适合度）environment（环境）Liebig‟s law of minimum（利比希最小因子定律）Shelford‟s law of tolerance （谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”）ecological valence or amplitude（生态价、生态幅、耐性限度）law of limiting factor（限制因子定律）Vant Hoff‟s law（范霍夫定律或Q10定律）developmental threshold temperature（发育起点温度）law of effective temperature（有效积温法则）（3）population ecologyPopulation（种群）ecological invasion（生态入侵）innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)[内禀增长率] density dependence（密度制约）density independence（非密度制约）age structure（年龄椎体或年龄金字塔）Survivorship curve（存活曲线）ecological natality（生态出生率）ecological mortality（生态死亡率）maximum natality（最大出生率）minimum mortality（最低死亡率）ecological strategy（生态对策）（4）community ecologypioneer species（先锋物种）climax （顶级群落）biotic community（生物群落）community succession（群落演替）growth form（生长型）life form（生活型）ectone（群落交错区）：edge effect（边缘效应）：species diversity（物种多样性）：dominant species（优势种）functional group(guild)（同资源种团或功能团）：（5）ecosystembiomass（生物量）primary production（初级生产）biogeochemical cycle（生物地化循环）ecosystem（生态系统）：biosphere（生物圈）：ecological pyramid（生态椎体或生态金字塔）food chain（食物链）food web（食物网）trophic level（营养级）Ⅱ. Put the appropriate ecological terms into the Blank in order to make the sentence meaningful. [填空题]（1）introductionHuman being are confronted with the five crisis such as , food, , , environment.Divided by the organization levels, the ecology include molecular ecology, autoecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, global ecology. Divided by the habitat, ecology include terrestrial ecology, ecology, estuary ecology, ecology, etc.Divided by the organisms, ecology include ecology, ecology, and microorganism ecology.Classic ecology include autoecology, , , , and ecosystem ecology.（2）autoecologyThe ways of tolerance to extremely low temperature are , ,.The spatial distribution patterns of a population (种群的空间分布格局) include even distribution (均匀分布), distribution, and distribution.（3）population ecologyThe types of natural selection include , directional selection, .The drives of evolution include and .The self-regulation schools include , , and .The processes of speciation are , , and . The three ways of speciation are , , .According to the shape of age pyramid, it can be classified into three types, that is,, , and .The inter-specific relationship between lion and deer is . The interaction betweenpenicillin and bacterium is . Walnut quinone secreted by walnut can inhibit the growth of its surrounding plants, so the relationship between walnut and its surrounding plants belongs to .（4）community ecologyThe three model to explain the succession mechanism include, ,.（5）ecosystem ecologyThe function of ecosystem include , , .There types of biogeochemical cycles are , , .The two main types of food chains are and ., , and are the three functional groups that consist of ecosystem.The maximal ecosystem in globe is .The figure below is a simplified sketch map (示意图) of food web (食物网) in grassland ecosystem, please give the answer for the six questions below according to this sketch map.（1）The number of food chain (食物链) in this food web is .（2）The number of trophic level (营养级) of hawk is .（3）The inter-specific relationship between hawk and fox is .（4）The life form (生物) with the highest energy among the components of this ecosystem is . The energy were ultimately transferred to hawk, the efficient food chain is . （5）If we use DDT to control the pest insect (害虫) that do harm to grasses, then we can infer that the life form with the highest concentration (浓度) of DDT is _______.（6）If the hawk, snake, and fox are largely hunted in the short term, the life form will be seriously negatively influenced is .15. 种间关系包括（举例说明是什么关系）16. 他感、异种抑制、抗生17. 趋同进化等18. 生态型、生活型（举例）19. 演替ⅢTrue or false. [是非题]（1）introduction( ) 32. Population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology all belong to research content of the classic ecology.( ) 35. Molecular ecology belongs to the research domain of classic ecology.( ) 36. Modern ecology include molecular ecology, global ecology, and classic ecology.（2）autoecology( ) 4. Solar radiation is a condition for an insect, but a resource for a plant.( ) 4. Water is the resource for one plant at any time.( ) 17. For any organism, the value of increase in heartbeat frequency (心跳次数) by a 10℃rise in temperature is two to three.( ) 22. If the ecological niche of two species are the same, it is sure that one species among the two species destined (注定) to go to extinction (灭绝).( ) 21. Organisms in the Tropical Zone（热带）are able to tolerate(耐受) much higher temperature than those in Temperate Zone（温带）and Frigid Zone（寒带）, so organismsin Tropical Zone are eurytherms (广温生物) while organisms in Temperate Zone arestenotherms (狭温生物).（3）population ecology( ) 1. Most animals belong to unitary organism (单体生物).( ) 1. The most plants belong to modular organism (构件生物).( ) 2. One species maybe obtains some benefits from the other one when they compete each other for resources.( ) 2. In the broad sense (广义上说), parasitism is one kind of predation.( ) 3. Time-specific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 3. Age-specific life table is drawn up using the data on mortality (死亡) over time obtained through observing a cohort (同生群).( ) 15. Self regulation school belongs to endogenous regulation theory.( ) 16. According to Hardy-Winberg‟s law, the gene and genotype frequency in each generations will retain constant in a small population.( ) 19. Ecological factors (生态因子) can be divided into density-dependent (密度制约) and density-independent (非密度制约) factors, light and temperature aredensity-independent factors, while food is density-dependent.( ) 20.Parasites and their host are in co-evolution (协同进化) .( ) 23. Realized (ecological) natality is not only determined by actual ecological conditions, but also restrained (限制) by physiological conditions.( ) 24. The result of static life table are more reliable (可靠的) than that of dynamic table life.( ) 25. There are more specialists in stable conditions than generalists in capricious (变化无常的) conditions.( ) 27. Antibiosis belongs to amensalism.( ) 28. The inter-specific relationship between black carp (鳙鱼) and silver carp (鲢鱼) is mutualism.( ) 31. The interaction between termite and flagellate (鞭毛虫) in its intestine is commensalisms.( ) 34 That 1000 kg silver carps have fished per unit fishing effort stands for relative density.（4）community ecology( ) 18. Species diversity (物种多样性) in Tropical Zone (热带地区) is lower than in Temperate Zone (温带地区).( ) 5. The succession direction of facilitation model is predictable.( ) 5. Polyclimax hypothesis argue that the climax of a community is determined only by the climate.( ) 6. The ecologists of the organismic school argue that there are not obvious borderline between two communities.( ) 6. One of the succession viewpoint (演替观) of individualistic school is that it is difficult to predict the succession direction of a community.( ) 7. We can classified trees (乔木) into broad-leaved and needle-leaved in term of growth form.( ) 8. There are two communities A and B, and each of them has 100 individuals. CommunityA has two species each with 50 individuals. CommunityB has ten species, but the eachof which has 10 individuals, respectively (分别地). So we can conclude that the speciesbiodiversity of community A is higher than that of community B.( ) 9. After a forest is logged by the way of clear cutting (皆伐) , there will occur secondary succession.( ) 14. It will not incur (招致, 引起) any negative effects on a community to remove all the redundant species (冗余种) from this community.( ) 29. Plants can be classified into trees, lianas (藤本植物), shrubs, epiphytes (附生植物), herbs, thallophytes (菌藻植物) in terms of life growth.（5）ecosystem ecology( ) 11. The biomass of the lower of trophic level must be higher than that of the higher trophic level.( ) 12. The energy decreases with increase of trophic level.( ) 13. Sulfur cycle (硫循环) belongs to sedimentary cycle (沉积型循环) and doesn‟t belong to gaseous cycle.( ) 26. The more the production of rice is, the more is the biomass of it.( ) 10. There are 158 000 kg of bighead carp (鳙鱼) in a lake with area of 100 km2 in a given time (某一时刻), so the biomass of the bighead carp can be calculated.( ) 33. The number of trophic level of the ecosystem is generally less than seven to eight.Ⅳ. To make the right choice [选择题]（1）introduction8. The ecologist who firstly gave definition for ecology is ( ).A. HackelB. ClementsC. TansleyD. Lack33. ( ) belong(s) to the research domain of classic ecology.A. population ecologyB. community ecologyC. ecosystem ecologyD. landscape ecology（2）autoecology1. The auricle (外耳) of arctic fox (北极狐) is markedly shorter than that of red fox (赤狐) in temperate zone, and the auricle of red fox is obviously shorter than that of large-ear fox (大耳狐).We can use ( ) to explain this phenomenon.A. Bergmann‟s ruleB. Allen‟s ruleC. Shelford‟ law of toleranceD. Jordan‟ rule3. Whale, dolphin, sea lion, sea elephant, and sea dog all belong to mammal, and shark belongs to fish, but they all have the fin-like structure to adapt themselves to water environment. We can term this phenomenon ( ).A. convergence adaptationB. competitionC. mutualismD. divergence adaptation20. When there are short of calcium (钙) in the environment, strontium (锶) can substitutes for calcium (Ca.) in the growth and development of mollusk. We can term this effect as ( ).A. Combined effect (综合作用)B. complementary effect (互补作用)C. Non-substitutable (不可替代作用)D. Definitiveness (限定性作用或阶段性作用)21. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus in the soil can be absorbed by a crop to produce 250 kg, 350 kg, and 500 kg of this crop, respectively (分别地), so the realized production of this crop is about ( ).A. 250 kgB. 350 kgC. 500 kgD. 1100 kg25.Among the following ecological factors, ( ) are/is probably (很可能地) the conditions (ora condition) for the plants but the resource(s) for insects.A. solar radiationB. airC. water E. temperature31. The position of light compensation point (光补偿点) for sun species (阳地或阳性物种) is ( ) that for shade species (阴性或阴地物种).A. higher thanB. lower thanC. the same asD. higher than or lower than or the same as（3）population ecology6. The basic unit of species‟ existence in nature is ( ).A. individualB. populationC. speciesD. community7. The main characteristics of K-selector include(s)（）.A. small bodyB. large bodyC. high reproduction rateD. low reproductionrate9. The spatial distribution pattern of population include ( ).A. uniform distributionB. random distributionC. clumped distributionD. vertical distribution10. ( ) don‟t belong to positive interaction among the four inter-specific relationships followed.A. competitionB. amensalismC. predationD. mutualism11. The dynamics of population of the algae (藻类) that insulted in red tide belongs to ( ).A. irregular fluctuationB. regular fluctuationC. population outbreakD. ecological invasion12. A secondary metabolizied material (次生代谢产物) is released into environment by a plant, which can inhibited the other plants from growth, we often term this phenomenon ( ).A. allelopathy (他感作用)B. apparent competetion (似然竞争)C. competetionD. territoriality (领域性)13. In Logistic growth equation …dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)‟, ( ) denotes the residual space (剩余空间)。